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Acquisition of nationality – A right for stateless children in Europe?

Torgersson, Ebba LU (2023) JURM02 20231
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I Europa påverkas cirka 600 000 personer, inklusive barn, av statslöshet.
Även om UNHCR:s #IBelong-kampanj har uppmärksammat frågan och satt ett tydligt mål att statslösheten ska upphöra till 2024, råder det fortfarande
tvivelaktigheter kring vilken stat som är ansvarig för att bevilja statslösa barn
medborgarskap. Konsekvensen av detta blir en ökad statslöshet bland unga där ingen stat står ansvarig för barnet. Resultatet kan i värsta fall göra fler
barn sårbara för kränkningar av deras mänskliga rättigheter. Arbetet utreder
huruvida europeiska stater är skyldiga att bevilja medborgarskap till barn på
deras territorium, som annars skulle vara statslösa.

I studien analyseras internationella fördrag, rättspraxis och nationell... (More)
I Europa påverkas cirka 600 000 personer, inklusive barn, av statslöshet.
Även om UNHCR:s #IBelong-kampanj har uppmärksammat frågan och satt ett tydligt mål att statslösheten ska upphöra till 2024, råder det fortfarande
tvivelaktigheter kring vilken stat som är ansvarig för att bevilja statslösa barn
medborgarskap. Konsekvensen av detta blir en ökad statslöshet bland unga där ingen stat står ansvarig för barnet. Resultatet kan i värsta fall göra fler
barn sårbara för kränkningar av deras mänskliga rättigheter. Arbetet utreder
huruvida europeiska stater är skyldiga att bevilja medborgarskap till barn på
deras territorium, som annars skulle vara statslösa.

I studien analyseras internationella fördrag, rättspraxis och nationell lagstiftning för att få en inblick i hur statslöshet bland barn hanteras globalt. Särskilt fokus riktas mot Sveriges nationella lagstiftning i syfte att visa hur de relevanta instrumenten mot statslöshet har införlivats i ett europeiskt lands nationella lagar. Vidare undersöks argument som pekar på att det finns en internationell sedvanerätt att bevilja nationalitet till barn som annars skulle vara statslösa. De viktigaste internationella instrumenten som beaktas med avseende till forskningsfrågan är 1961 års FN-konvention om begränsning av
statslöshet, FN:s Barnkonvention och den Europeiska konventionen om medborgarskap. Dessa syftar till att minska statslöshet genom att upprätta en
koppling mellan individen och staten. Studien visar att flera internationella
övervakningsorgan uppmanar stater att implementera nationella lagar och
förfaranden som säkerställer att inget barn blir statslöst. Det påpekas upprepade gånger att stater inte har full marginal att göra en skönsmässig bedömning i frågan om vilka som är, och vilka som inte är, dess medborgare.

Arbetet visar att det uppenbart finns ett gemensamt mål bland stater och övervakningsorgan att undvika statslöshet. Den främsta uppgiften för att effektivt uppfylla de skyldigheter som följer av internationell rätt i frågan om att bevilja medborgarskap till barn som annars skulle vara statslösa är att införa ett fungerande system som registrerar alla barn vid födseln. Studien pekar på att stater har en positiv skyldighet att upprätthålla rätten till medborgarskap, det vill säga en skyldighet att förverkliga denna rättighet.

Mot bakgrund av den upprepade rättspraxis som lyfter staters ansvar att bevilja statslösa barn medborgarskap, samt den utveckling som skett under de
senaste årtiondena på området ”medborgarskap och statslöshet”, dras slutsatsen att de europeiska staterna har en skyldighet enligt internationell rätt att
säkerställa – antingen genom att bevilja sitt eget medborgarskap eller genom
att garantera att barnet beviljas medborgarskap i en annan stat – att inget barn förblir statslöst efter födseln. (Less)
Abstract
In Europe, about 600 000 individuals, including children, are affected by statelessness today. Although the UNHCR #IBelong Campaign has shed light on the issue and set the goal of ending statelessness by 2024, there is still a lack of understanding as to which State is responsible for granting nationality to stateless children. This leads to the fundamental consequence of stateless-ness, where no State is responsible for the child – leaving many vulnerable to human rights violations. The research question addresses whether European States owe an obligation to grant nationality to children on their territory who would otherwise be stateless.

The thesis analyses international treaties, case law, and national legislation to gain insight... (More)
In Europe, about 600 000 individuals, including children, are affected by statelessness today. Although the UNHCR #IBelong Campaign has shed light on the issue and set the goal of ending statelessness by 2024, there is still a lack of understanding as to which State is responsible for granting nationality to stateless children. This leads to the fundamental consequence of stateless-ness, where no State is responsible for the child – leaving many vulnerable to human rights violations. The research question addresses whether European States owe an obligation to grant nationality to children on their territory who would otherwise be stateless.

The thesis analyses international treaties, case law, and national legislation to gain insight into how statelessness among children is addressed globally. Sweden’s national legislation is specifically examined with the purpose of showing how the relevant statelessness instruments have been incorporated into the national legislation of a European State. Further, arguments pointing to a customary international norm of granting nationality to children are explored. The most significant international instruments considered in regard to research questions are the UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Nationality. These aim to reduce statelessness by establishing a connection between the individual and the State. The thesis shows that multiple international governing bodies urge States to implement national laws and procedures that ensures that no child is left stateless. Additionally, it is repeatedly noted that States do not have full discretion in regard to who are its nationals and not.

The research establishes that there is an evident common goal among States and monitoring bodies to avoid statelessness. In order to effectively live up to the obligations under international law regarding granting nationality to children who would otherwise be stateless, the primary task is to implement a functioning system registering children at birth. The thesis holds that the right to nationality implies a positive obligation on State parties – implying a duty to fulfil the realisation of the right.

Considering the repeated case law addressing a States obligation to grant nationality to stateless children, as well as the development over the past decades in the field of nationality and statelessness, the thesis concludes that European States have an obligation under international law to ensure – either by granting their own nationality or making sure that the child is granted the nationality of another State – that no child is left stateless after birth. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Torgersson, Ebba LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20231
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Public international law, statelessness, children, nationality
language
English
id
9116250
date added to LUP
2023-06-15 11:20:16
date last changed
2023-06-15 11:20:16
@misc{9116250,
  abstract     = {{In Europe, about 600 000 individuals, including children, are affected by statelessness today. Although the UNHCR #IBelong Campaign has shed light on the issue and set the goal of ending statelessness by 2024, there is still a lack of understanding as to which State is responsible for granting nationality to stateless children. This leads to the fundamental consequence of stateless-ness, where no State is responsible for the child – leaving many vulnerable to human rights violations. The research question addresses whether European States owe an obligation to grant nationality to children on their territory who would otherwise be stateless.

The thesis analyses international treaties, case law, and national legislation to gain insight into how statelessness among children is addressed globally. Sweden’s national legislation is specifically examined with the purpose of showing how the relevant statelessness instruments have been incorporated into the national legislation of a European State. Further, arguments pointing to a customary international norm of granting nationality to children are explored. The most significant international instruments considered in regard to research questions are the UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Nationality. These aim to reduce statelessness by establishing a connection between the individual and the State. The thesis shows that multiple international governing bodies urge States to implement national laws and procedures that ensures that no child is left stateless. Additionally, it is repeatedly noted that States do not have full discretion in regard to who are its nationals and not. 

The research establishes that there is an evident common goal among States and monitoring bodies to avoid statelessness. In order to effectively live up to the obligations under international law regarding granting nationality to children who would otherwise be stateless, the primary task is to implement a functioning system registering children at birth. The thesis holds that the right to nationality implies a positive obligation on State parties – implying a duty to fulfil the realisation of the right. 

Considering the repeated case law addressing a States obligation to grant nationality to stateless children, as well as the development over the past decades in the field of nationality and statelessness, the thesis concludes that European States have an obligation under international law to ensure – either by granting their own nationality or making sure that the child is granted the nationality of another State – that no child is left stateless after birth.}},
  author       = {{Torgersson, Ebba}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Acquisition of nationality – A right for stateless children in Europe?}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}