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Between Self-Determination, Consistency and Rights Protection: Process-Based Review in Expulsion Cases under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights

Martna, Jakob LU (2023) LAGM01 20231
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract
This thesis examines the practice of the European Court of Human Rights to decide expulsion cases implicating migrants with criminal record under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by use of process-based review. It departs from the premise that such expulsions do not violate absolute rights but constitute interferences with a qualified right, which allows for infringements necessary in a democratic society. Process-based review is a way for the European Court of Human Rights to decide whether interferences in qualified rights meet this requirement, focusing on the quality of the domestic decision-making process which preceded the contentious measure. This type of review has been consolidated in expulsion cases... (More)
This thesis examines the practice of the European Court of Human Rights to decide expulsion cases implicating migrants with criminal record under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by use of process-based review. It departs from the premise that such expulsions do not violate absolute rights but constitute interferences with a qualified right, which allows for infringements necessary in a democratic society. Process-based review is a way for the European Court of Human Rights to decide whether interferences in qualified rights meet this requirement, focusing on the quality of the domestic decision-making process which preceded the contentious measure. This type of review has been consolidated in expulsion cases implicating migrants with criminal record through the Üner-criteria, which domestic courts must consider in their decisions, but to which they may attribute different relative weight within their margin of appreciation.

Descriptively, this thesis examines how process-based review has been used in all 21 such cases decided during the period 1 January 2018–31 December 2022. By looking qualitatively at the reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights this thesis identifies ten cases where positive inferences were drawn from the high quality of the national process, supporting the finding that there was no violation, five cases where negative inferences were drawn from shortcomings in the national process, supporting the finding that there was a violation, and six cases where, for different reasons, no important inferences were drawn from the quality of the domestic process.

Normatively, this thesis discusses the examined cases from the three values of political self-determination, protection of the rights-claimant, and consistency. It finds that the way process-based review has been employed can be justified from the perspective of political self-determination, because the criteria allow for considerations of social trust, and because process-based review encourages democratic iteration of European human rights law. Similarly, the practice can be justified from the perspective of protecting the rights-claimant, because it respects the moral core of the rights, aims to ensure that relevant and individualised reasons are given also when no moral imperative prohibits expulsion, and gives non-citizens a possibility for indirect political influence. However, this thesis identifies issues with consistency. It finds that process-based review should be applied with more foreseeability regarding when and how much substantive concerns are part of the assessment. Furthermore, the inconsistent application between States giving more leniency to the courts of the United Kingdom must be remedied. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Den här uppsatsen undersöker Europadomstolens praxis gällande utvisningar av personer som har begått brott, som hävdar att deras utvisning strider mot Artikel 8 av Europakonventionen. Uppsatsen undersöker hur domstolen har använt sig av den nationella beslutsprocessens kvalitet som ett argument för att komma fram till sin slutsats i sådana fall. Uppsatsen utgår från premissen att utvisningar som berör Artikel 8 inte kränker en absolut rättighet, utan kan tillåtas om de är nödvändiga i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Att fokusera på den nationella processens kvalitet är ett sätt för domstolen att avgöra när ett ingripande i en rättighet som skyddas av Artikel 8 uppfyller detta krav. För utvisning av personer som har begått brott har den här... (More)
Den här uppsatsen undersöker Europadomstolens praxis gällande utvisningar av personer som har begått brott, som hävdar att deras utvisning strider mot Artikel 8 av Europakonventionen. Uppsatsen undersöker hur domstolen har använt sig av den nationella beslutsprocessens kvalitet som ett argument för att komma fram till sin slutsats i sådana fall. Uppsatsen utgår från premissen att utvisningar som berör Artikel 8 inte kränker en absolut rättighet, utan kan tillåtas om de är nödvändiga i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Att fokusera på den nationella processens kvalitet är ett sätt för domstolen att avgöra när ett ingripande i en rättighet som skyddas av Artikel 8 uppfyller detta krav. För utvisning av personer som har begått brott har den här typen av granskning implementerats genom de tio Üner-kriterierna, som nationella domstolar måste ta hänsyn till i bedömningar av utvisningsärenden, men som de tillåts ge olika värde inom en nationell bedömningsmarginal.

Uppsatsen undersöker deskriptivt hur det processrelaterade argumentet har använts i alla 21 fall av den nämnda sorten under perioden 1 januari 2018–31 december 2022. Genom att kvalitativt studera rättsfallen identifierar uppsatsen tio fall där Europadomstolen drog positiva slutsatser, som talade emot att det hade skett en kränkning av Europakonventionen, från den nationella processens kvalitet. I fem fall drogs negativa slutsatser, som talade för att det hade skett en kränkning av konventionen, på grund av brister i den nationella processen. I sex fall drog domstolen inga viktiga slutsatser från den nationella processens kvalitet.

Uppsatsen diskuterar sedan de analyserade rättsfallen normativt utifrån de tre värdena politiskt självbestämmande, skydd för individen och förutsägbarhet. Uppsatsen hävdar att användningen av det process-relaterade argumentet kan rättfärdigas från perspektivet politiskt självbestämmande, eftersom det har tillåtit hänsyn till social tillit och uppmuntrat medlemsstaternas folk att utveckla konventionens regler som sina egna. Uppsatsen finner också att domstolens användning av argumentet kan rättfärdigas från det individuella perspektivet, eftersom domstolen tar hänsyn till rättigheternas moraliska kärna, säkerställer att tillräckliga skäl ges för livsavgörande beslut under alla omständigheter, samt ger icke-medborgare en möjlighet till indirekt politiskt inflytande. Uppsatsen identifierar dock två problem relaterade till förutsägbarhet. Europadomstolen bör i sin granskning vara mer konsekvent gällande när och hur mycket materiella hänsyn är en del av bedömningen. Uppsatsen pekar också på att Storbritanniens domstolar ges större eftergifter än andra staters. Denna tendens kan inte rättfärdigas och måste upphöra. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Martna, Jakob LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGM01 20231
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8 (Right to respect for private and family life), Process-based review, Political self-determination, Protection of rights, Consistent application
language
English
id
9120313
date added to LUP
2023-06-08 14:52:23
date last changed
2023-06-08 14:52:23
@misc{9120313,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the practice of the European Court of Human Rights to decide expulsion cases implicating migrants with criminal record under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by use of process-based review. It departs from the premise that such expulsions do not violate absolute rights but constitute interferences with a qualified right, which allows for infringements necessary in a democratic society. Process-based review is a way for the European Court of Human Rights to decide whether interferences in qualified rights meet this requirement, focusing on the quality of the domestic decision-making process which preceded the contentious measure. This type of review has been consolidated in expulsion cases implicating migrants with criminal record through the Üner-criteria, which domestic courts must consider in their decisions, but to which they may attribute different relative weight within their margin of appreciation.

Descriptively, this thesis examines how process-based review has been used in all 21 such cases decided during the period 1 January 2018–31 December 2022. By looking qualitatively at the reasoning of the European Court of Human Rights this thesis identifies ten cases where positive inferences were drawn from the high quality of the national process, supporting the finding that there was no violation, five cases where negative inferences were drawn from shortcomings in the national process, supporting the finding that there was a violation, and six cases where, for different reasons, no important inferences were drawn from the quality of the domestic process.

Normatively, this thesis discusses the examined cases from the three values of political self-determination, protection of the rights-claimant, and consistency. It finds that the way process-based review has been employed can be justified from the perspective of political self-determination, because the criteria allow for considerations of social trust, and because process-based review encourages democratic iteration of European human rights law. Similarly, the practice can be justified from the perspective of protecting the rights-claimant, because it respects the moral core of the rights, aims to ensure that relevant and individualised reasons are given also when no moral imperative prohibits expulsion, and gives non-citizens a possibility for indirect political influence. However, this thesis identifies issues with consistency. It finds that process-based review should be applied with more foreseeability regarding when and how much substantive concerns are part of the assessment. Furthermore, the inconsistent application between States giving more leniency to the courts of the United Kingdom must be remedied.}},
  author       = {{Martna, Jakob}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Between Self-Determination, Consistency and Rights Protection: Process-Based Review in Expulsion Cases under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}