Greening the grid of Indonesia - Second life application for Lithium-Ion Electric Vehicle batteries in Indonesia’s Energy System
(2023) MMKM10 20231Innovation
- Abstract
- With the increasing energy demand from urban electrification, the growing economy and global warming, Indonesia has some extensive challenges ahead. Additionally, growing demand for Li-ion batteries is causing shortages of virgin battery minerals in parallel with the increasing demand for energy storage to accommodate electrification. On the contrary, the future abundance of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia could support variable renewable energy generation and therefore a cleaner energy mix, while at the same time improving grid flexibility and reliability. Repurposing used batteries will also diminish the need for raw material mining and battery production, lowering the production emissions, reducing battery... (More)
- With the increasing energy demand from urban electrification, the growing economy and global warming, Indonesia has some extensive challenges ahead. Additionally, growing demand for Li-ion batteries is causing shortages of virgin battery minerals in parallel with the increasing demand for energy storage to accommodate electrification. On the contrary, the future abundance of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia could support variable renewable energy generation and therefore a cleaner energy mix, while at the same time improving grid flexibility and reliability. Repurposing used batteries will also diminish the need for raw material mining and battery production, lowering the production emissions, reducing battery waste, and consequently increasing the chances of Indonesia reaching net-zero emissions in 2060.
In the present thesis it has been investigated how to accommodate Indonesia’s ambition to achieve net-zero emissions by examining how to leverage spent electric vehicle batteries. Product concepts were generated as possible technical applications of the batteries. Because of both political and technical challenges and opportunities, a concept for rural electrification with second life battery energy storage systems showed to be a feasible solution and was chosen for further evaluation. The requirements that need to be fulfilled to enable repurposing for use in battery energy storage systems were found, and recommended parameter values for the given concept were listed. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Som ett resultat av ökad efterfrågan på elektricitet från urban elektrifiering, den växande ekonomin och global uppvärmning står Indonesien inför stora utmaningar. För att lyckas med hållbar storskalig elektrifiering krävs stora mängder litiumjonbatterier som kan balansera elnätet. Den ökande efterfrågan på dessa har lett till brist på batterimineraler vilket försvårar situationen för landet.
Samtidigt elektrifierar Indonesien stora delar av sin transportsektor. Genom att återbruka batterier som tjänat i landets elfordon finns möjligheter att bygga energilagringssystem och via dessa stötta implementeringen av hållbara variabla energikällor men samtidigt vidhålla elnätets flexibilitet och tillförlitlighet. Genom återanvändning av... (More) - Som ett resultat av ökad efterfrågan på elektricitet från urban elektrifiering, den växande ekonomin och global uppvärmning står Indonesien inför stora utmaningar. För att lyckas med hållbar storskalig elektrifiering krävs stora mängder litiumjonbatterier som kan balansera elnätet. Den ökande efterfrågan på dessa har lett till brist på batterimineraler vilket försvårar situationen för landet.
Samtidigt elektrifierar Indonesien stora delar av sin transportsektor. Genom att återbruka batterier som tjänat i landets elfordon finns möjligheter att bygga energilagringssystem och via dessa stötta implementeringen av hållbara variabla energikällor men samtidigt vidhålla elnätets flexibilitet och tillförlitlighet. Genom återanvändning av använda batterier minskar även behovet av råvaruutvinning och batteriproduktion, vilket minskar utsläppen från nyproduktion, minskar avfall från batterier och ökar möjligheterna för Indonesien att nå sitt mål med nettonollutsläpp år 2060.
I detta examensarbete har produktkoncept för tekniska tillämpningar av uttjänta batterier i Indonesien identifierats. På grund av både politiska och tekniska utmaningar och möjligheter, visade sig ett koncept för elektrifiering av avlägsna områden med andra livets batterienergilagringssystem vara den mest genomförbara lösningen vilken valdes för vidare utvärdering. De krav som måste uppfyllas för att möjliggöra återanvändning i batterienergilagringssystem identifierades, och rekommenderade parametervärden för det givna konceptet listades. (Less) - Popular Abstract
- Greening the grid of Indonesia with Second Life Lithium-ion Batteries
With the relentless pursuit of urban electrification, a booming economy, and the pressing challenges of global warming, Indonesia stands at a critical juncture. As the nation grapples with the surging demand for energy, the scarcity of virgin battery minerals exacerbates the need for sustainable solutions to meet the growing appetite for energy storage. However, hidden within this energy conundrum lies a remarkable opportunity. The abundance of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia presents a potential game-changer, capable of catalysing a transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix.
This project aims to examine how to leverage... (More) - Greening the grid of Indonesia with Second Life Lithium-ion Batteries
With the relentless pursuit of urban electrification, a booming economy, and the pressing challenges of global warming, Indonesia stands at a critical juncture. As the nation grapples with the surging demand for energy, the scarcity of virgin battery minerals exacerbates the need for sustainable solutions to meet the growing appetite for energy storage. However, hidden within this energy conundrum lies a remarkable opportunity. The abundance of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia presents a potential game-changer, capable of catalysing a transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix.
This project aims to examine how to leverage the second life of electric vehicle (EV) lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia to achieve affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy access for all, in line with UN Sustainable Development Goal #7. Considering Indonesia's unique context, the project explores different product concepts related to applications of second life EV batteries that facilitate the transition to green energy but also the feasibility and need for such applications. The project focuses on minimising waste, increasing resource efficiency, and meeting the country's electrification and sustainability targets.
The study reveals a significant volume of second-life batteries resulting from the electrification of transport in Indonesia. However, these batteries alone can only fulfil a small portion of the actual BESS demand. By leveraging the substantial volume of second-life EV batteries, Indonesia can reduce reliance on purchases and imports, decrease global demand for virgin battery materials, and minimise waste management requirements while mitigating the risk of hazardous waste ending up in landfills. Repurposing spent EV batteries also aligns with political targets for electrification and sustainability. The study concludes that it is highly recommended for Indonesia to invest in initiatives that support such repurposing efforts.
Moreover, five feasible concepts for applications of spent EV batteries were generated. After evaluation, Second Life Remote Electrification Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in conjunction with solar panels, showed to be the most applicable concept in Indonesia. By utilising spent EV lithium-ion batteries from domestic sources, the overall cost of the BESS can be reduced, benefiting end consumers. Additionally, the modular nature of BESS coupled with solar panels enables smaller and continuous deliveries, minimising the need for heavy freight and allowing for on-site assembly.
Although the results are clear, second life BESS will be applicable in Indonesia in the coming years, some uncertainties exist. The early stage of transportation electrification in Indonesia, combined with conflicting political interests regarding grid greening, introduces uncertainties to the forecasts. While there is a significant volume of retiring batteries from transport electrification, these forecasts depend on assumptions about electric vehicle trends and global battery and EV production. The continuation of this project could, if the forecasts are correct, result in major social and environmental benefits for Indonesia. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9122560
- author
- Kruse, Felix and Runsten, Paula
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- MMKM10 20231
- year
- 2023
- type
- H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
- subject
- keywords
- electrification, battery repurposing, renewable energy, net-zero emissions, energy storage systems
- language
- English
- id
- 9122560
- date added to LUP
- 2023-06-21 09:41:34
- date last changed
- 2023-06-21 09:41:34
@misc{9122560,
abstract = {{With the increasing energy demand from urban electrification, the growing economy and global warming, Indonesia has some extensive challenges ahead. Additionally, growing demand for Li-ion batteries is causing shortages of virgin battery minerals in parallel with the increasing demand for energy storage to accommodate electrification. On the contrary, the future abundance of used electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries in Indonesia could support variable renewable energy generation and therefore a cleaner energy mix, while at the same time improving grid flexibility and reliability. Repurposing used batteries will also diminish the need for raw material mining and battery production, lowering the production emissions, reducing battery waste, and consequently increasing the chances of Indonesia reaching net-zero emissions in 2060.
In the present thesis it has been investigated how to accommodate Indonesia’s ambition to achieve net-zero emissions by examining how to leverage spent electric vehicle batteries. Product concepts were generated as possible technical applications of the batteries. Because of both political and technical challenges and opportunities, a concept for rural electrification with second life battery energy storage systems showed to be a feasible solution and was chosen for further evaluation. The requirements that need to be fulfilled to enable repurposing for use in battery energy storage systems were found, and recommended parameter values for the given concept were listed.}},
author = {{Kruse, Felix and Runsten, Paula}},
language = {{eng}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Greening the grid of Indonesia - Second life application for Lithium-Ion Electric Vehicle batteries in Indonesia’s Energy System}},
year = {{2023}},
}