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Immune cell landscapes in endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer

Lord, Matilda LU (2023) KIMM05 20231
Department of Immunotechnology
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age today. Emerging evidence shows that women suffering from endometriosis have an increased risk of developing endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Today, ovarian cancer is treated by cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, recurrence and platinum resistance occur in patients, demanding other types of treatments, such as immunotherapy. In this study the immune cell landscape of endometriosis and EAOC was explored to gain further insight about the malignant transformation. To investigate possible immunological explanations behind the development of EAOC, immune cells of patients that have later developed EAOC... (More)
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age today. Emerging evidence shows that women suffering from endometriosis have an increased risk of developing endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Today, ovarian cancer is treated by cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, recurrence and platinum resistance occur in patients, demanding other types of treatments, such as immunotherapy. In this study the immune cell landscape of endometriosis and EAOC was explored to gain further insight about the malignant transformation. To investigate possible immunological explanations behind the development of EAOC, immune cells of patients that have later developed EAOC were compared to paired and matched endometriosis controls without a malignant transformation. Tissue from five cases of endometriosis with and without subsequent EAOC, as well as tissue from the subsequent EAOC, was collected and their immune cell landscape explored in the QuPath software, with focus on CD68+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells and their distances to one another. Statistically significant differences in mean distance between CD4+, CD8+ and CD68+ cells were observed, with a longer distance in case 1, 2 and 3 and a shorter in 4 and 5 in endometriosis with subsequent EAOC compared to the matched controls (n=5). These differences between the paired cases suggests a difference in communication between the immune cells, potentially influencing disease progression. Moreover, a lower relative abundance of CD68+ cells was discovered in endometriosis with subsequent EAOC compared to the matched controls and a lower number of CD8+ cells was observed in the tumor microenvironment compared to the endometrial lesions. The presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes shows potential in using immune checkpoint blockade therapy as treatment, which is a subject for several clinical trials in ovarian cancer today. In addition, in the epithelium, a higher relative abundance of macrophages (CD68+) was observed in clear cell ovarian carcinoma and a higher relative abundance of T-helper cells (CD4+) in endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. These differences in immune cell composition suggests different immunotherapeutic approaches are needed for the different subtypes. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Endometrios är en sjukdom som innebär att livmoderslemhinna befinner sig utanför livmodern vilket kan resultera i smärtor och infertilitet. En vanlig förklaring till uppkomsten av endometrios är att delar av livmoderslemhinnan pressas ut ur livmodern, exempelvis till äggstockarna, under menstruation. När detta sker känner kroppens immunförsvar inte igen vävnaden utan ser den som något främmande som behöver bekämpas. Utflöde av livmoderslemhinna sker hos alla kvinnor vilket har väckt frågan varför somliga utvecklar sjukdomen och andra inte. Forskning visar att kvinnor med endometrios har en liten, ökad risk att drabbas av vissa typer av äggstockscancer, eller ovarialcancer, så kallad endometrios-associerad ovarialcancer (EAOC). Orsakerna... (More)
Endometrios är en sjukdom som innebär att livmoderslemhinna befinner sig utanför livmodern vilket kan resultera i smärtor och infertilitet. En vanlig förklaring till uppkomsten av endometrios är att delar av livmoderslemhinnan pressas ut ur livmodern, exempelvis till äggstockarna, under menstruation. När detta sker känner kroppens immunförsvar inte igen vävnaden utan ser den som något främmande som behöver bekämpas. Utflöde av livmoderslemhinna sker hos alla kvinnor vilket har väckt frågan varför somliga utvecklar sjukdomen och andra inte. Forskning visar att kvinnor med endometrios har en liten, ökad risk att drabbas av vissa typer av äggstockscancer, eller ovarialcancer, så kallad endometrios-associerad ovarialcancer (EAOC). Orsakerna bakom endometrios och EAOC är idag inte helt kartlagda men tros bero på ett flertal faktorer, bland annat obalans i immunförsvaret i samband med dess försök att eliminera de delar av livmoderslemhinnan som fäst på äggstockarna.

Endometrios drabbar cirka 10% av alla kvinnor i fertil ålder. Trots detta finns det idag inget botemedel mot sjukdomen. Aktuell behandling av endometrios och EAOC består av bland annat p-piller, operation och cytostatikabehandling. Det finns brister i dessa behandlingssätt så som vanligt förekommande återfall och resistens, vilket har väckt intresse för utveckling av nya metoder. Immunterapi är en behandlingsmetod som hjälper kroppens egna immunceller att bekämpa okontrollerad celldelning, som sker vid till exempel cancer. För att immunterapi ska vara effektiv i kampen mot cancer behövs ökad kunskap kring immuncellers roll i utvecklandet och progressionen av endometrios och EAOC. Varför utvecklar somliga kvinnor med endometrios cancer medan andra inte gör det? Kan samverkan mellan immunceller vara en del av förklaringen?

I denna studie har vi undersökt och jämfört immunceller i vävnad hos fem patienter med endometrios och påföljande EAOC och fem patienter som lider av endometrios men som inte utvecklat cancer. Vi letade efter potentiella skillnader i population och avstånd mellan immunceller som kan ge ledtrådar till varför några kvinnor med endometrios utvecklar cancer och andra inte. Immuncellslandskapet analyserades i QuPath, en öppen programvara för digital bildanalys av vävnad. Studien visade på att det finns olikheter i avståndet mellan immunceller, vilket kan tyda på skillnad i samverkan mellan dem som antingen bidrar till eller motverkar utvecklandet av cancer. Immuncellspopulationen hos kvinnorna visade på trendskillnader mellan de två grupperna, vilket tyder på att immuncellerna har betydelse för sjukdomsutvecklingen. Utöver detta erhölls en tydlig skillnad i kompositionen av immunceller mellan de två typer av EAOC inkluderade i studien. Detta tyder på att olika typer av behandling kan behövas beroende på vilken typ av EAOC patienten lider av. Dessa observationer behöver bekräftas i ytterligare studier med större patientinnehåll för att dra säkra slutsatser. De preliminära resultat som visats i studien är intressanta och väcker idéer till framtida forskning av immuncellers samverkan i endometrios och EAOC för att höja patienternas möjlighet till förbättrad levnadsstandard och överlevnad. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lord, Matilda LU
supervisor
organization
course
KIMM05 20231
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
language
English
id
9126069
date added to LUP
2023-06-16 16:02:08
date last changed
2023-06-16 16:02:08
@misc{9126069,
  abstract     = {{Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age today. Emerging evidence shows that women suffering from endometriosis have an increased risk of developing endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC). Today, ovarian cancer is treated by cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy. However, recurrence and platinum resistance occur in patients, demanding other types of treatments, such as immunotherapy. In this study the immune cell landscape of endometriosis and EAOC was explored to gain further insight about the malignant transformation. To investigate possible immunological explanations behind the development of EAOC, immune cells of patients that have later developed EAOC were compared to paired and matched endometriosis controls without a malignant transformation. Tissue from five cases of endometriosis with and without subsequent EAOC, as well as tissue from the subsequent EAOC, was collected and their immune cell landscape explored in the QuPath software, with focus on CD68+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells and their distances to one another. Statistically significant differences in mean distance between CD4+, CD8+ and CD68+ cells were observed, with a longer distance in case 1, 2 and 3 and a shorter in 4 and 5 in endometriosis with subsequent EAOC compared to the matched controls (n=5). These differences between the paired cases suggests a difference in communication between the immune cells, potentially influencing disease progression. Moreover, a lower relative abundance of CD68+ cells was discovered in endometriosis with subsequent EAOC compared to the matched controls and a lower number of CD8+ cells was observed in the tumor microenvironment compared to the endometrial lesions. The presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes shows potential in using immune checkpoint blockade therapy as treatment, which is a subject for several clinical trials in ovarian cancer today. In addition, in the epithelium, a higher relative abundance of macrophages (CD68+) was observed in clear cell ovarian carcinoma and a higher relative abundance of T-helper cells (CD4+) in endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. These differences in immune cell composition suggests different immunotherapeutic approaches are needed for the different subtypes.}},
  author       = {{Lord, Matilda}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Immune cell landscapes in endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}