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Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the knee: A comparison of approaches for addressing fatty tissue

Säll, Cornelia (2023) MSFT02 20232
Medical Physics Programme
Abstract
Background/purpose
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI-based post processing technique to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility, χ, of human tissue using phase data. While brain imaging has been the most common application, other areas have also raised interest. For example, QSM of the articular cartilage of the knee has been suggested as a means to study the degeneration of this tissue. This would be of interest, as degeneration of articular cartilage is strongly related to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, QSM of the knee is not straightforward, as the signal from fatty tissue complicates the reconstruction process due to its many frequency components. To avoid this issue, masking has been used to exclude... (More)
Background/purpose
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI-based post processing technique to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility, χ, of human tissue using phase data. While brain imaging has been the most common application, other areas have also raised interest. For example, QSM of the articular cartilage of the knee has been suggested as a means to study the degeneration of this tissue. This would be of interest, as degeneration of articular cartilage is strongly related to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, QSM of the knee is not straightforward, as the signal from fatty tissue complicates the reconstruction process due to its many frequency components. To avoid this issue, masking has been used to exclude fatty tissue from the reconstruction process. This is a relatively simple approach to a complicated problem, but, it might also be a source of bias in the susceptibility maps obtained. Another approach is the removal of chemical shift through chemical shift encoded imaging (CSEI) before QSM. The purpose of this work was to evaluate and compare the effects these approaches have on the estimated susceptibility values.

Materials and methods
Numerical phantoms were created based on two sets of MR images of knees, by defining various lean and fatty tissue compartments and assigning these literature susceptibility values.
From these, phase images were simulated, which, in turn were used for QSM reconstruction. Comparisons were conducted between different background field removal techniques, and masking alternatives excluding: 1) no tissue, 2) bone marrow and 3) all fatty tissues from the reconstruction process. The performance of the different alternatives was evaluated by how well the ground truth was reproduced. Potential sources of error in the CSEI were also simulated.
The two approaches to handle signal from fatty tissue in the susceptibility calculation were also tested in vivo. Here, comparisons were made using the same background field removal techniques and masking alternatives as for the simulations.

Results
In the simulations, the ground truth was reproduced most reliably when no tissue was excluded from the reconstruction process, while masking of fatty tissue introduced a bias in the obtained susceptibility values. The size of this bias depended on the background field removal technique employed, how much of the fatty tissue that was excluded and the geometry of the knee evaluated.
Results obtained from in vivo data corresponded to results reported in earlier studies and confirmed the simulation results of this study. However, both with and without CSEI, artefacts were seen when masking of fatty tissue was not performed. These were mitigated by exclusion of fatty tissue. The severity of these artefacts was greater without CSEI.

Conclusion
Exclusion of fatty tissue resulted in bias in the calculated susceptibility maps. Inclusion of fatty tissue in the reconstruction processes yielded more robust results between reconstruction techniques and geometry. However, in the in vivo results, the exclusion of fatty tissue from the reconstruction process mitigated artefacts stemming from imperfect CSEI.
Inclusion of fatty tissue in QSM reconstruction is advantageous, assuming that an accurate enough CSEI may be performed. If fatty tissue is excluded from QSM reconstruction, a suitable choice of background field removal technique may limit the bias caused. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Artros är en vanlig sjukdom som påverkar ett antal olika leder i kroppen. Den vanligaste av dessa är knäartros, som utgör omkring 85 % av alla atrosfall. Sjukdomen påverkar alla delar av leden, speciellt tydlig är effekten på ledbrosket som förtunnas och till slut bryts ner helt. Denna process kan leda till stora besvär, så som smärta och minskad rörlighet, men i nuläget finns mycket få behandlingsalternativ för den som drabbas. För att få en bättre förståelse för sjukdomsförloppet och därigenom förbättra behandlingsmöjligheterna krävs undersökningsmetoder som gör det möjligt att upptäcka tidiga tecken på artros. Tack vare sin goda mjukvävnadskontrast kan undersökning med magnetkamera (MR) vara ett bra alternativ. En relativt ny MR-baserad... (More)
Artros är en vanlig sjukdom som påverkar ett antal olika leder i kroppen. Den vanligaste av dessa är knäartros, som utgör omkring 85 % av alla atrosfall. Sjukdomen påverkar alla delar av leden, speciellt tydlig är effekten på ledbrosket som förtunnas och till slut bryts ner helt. Denna process kan leda till stora besvär, så som smärta och minskad rörlighet, men i nuläget finns mycket få behandlingsalternativ för den som drabbas. För att få en bättre förståelse för sjukdomsförloppet och därigenom förbättra behandlingsmöjligheterna krävs undersökningsmetoder som gör det möjligt att upptäcka tidiga tecken på artros. Tack vare sin goda mjukvävnadskontrast kan undersökning med magnetkamera (MR) vara ett bra alternativ. En relativt ny MR-baserad teknik är mätning av magnetisk susceptibilitet (QSM), som syftar till att från MR-bilder ta reda på vävnaders magnetiska egenskaper.

Magnetisk susceptibilitet beskriver hur ett material reagerar på ett yttre magnetfält, vilket har betydelse för hur magnetfältet runt materialet påverkas. Från material med negativ susceptibilitet kommer en störning av det yttre fältet ske som resulterar i ett lägre magnetiskt fält lokalt, medan material med en positiv susceptibilitet gör motsatsen. Inom MR används en kamera med ett starkt magnetiskt fält, vilket påverkas av susceptibiliteten i materialet som avbildas. Detta utnyttjas inom QSM, där störningar i magnetkamerans fält används för att mäta susceptibiliteten hos materialet som orsakade dem.

QSM har framför allt använts för undersökning av hjärnan, men studier har även gjorts där tekniken använts för bildtagning av knäleden. Problem uppstår dock när QSM ska användas i områden med mycket omkringliggande fettvävnad eftersom MR-signalen från denna stör QSM-beräkningen. Detta har hanterats på olika sätt, antingen genom att korrigera för störningarna som fettet tillför, eller genom att exkludera fettvävnaden från området som ska utvärderas. Båda tillvägagångssätten riskerar att medföra felaktiga mätvärden. Syftet med detta arbete var att jämföra tekniker för att hantera fettvävnad vid QSM-beräkningar i knäleden med hjälp av simuleringar och utvärdering av bilder från MR-undersökningar av knäleder.

Simuleringarna visade att fettvävnad helst ska inkluderas i utvärderingen, då detta ledde till minst fel i beräkningarna. Från utvärderingen av MR-bilderna fann vi att korrektion för fettsignalen måste göras om fettvävnad ska inkluderas, och att felaktigheter i denna korrektion kan resultera i kvarvarande effekter som orsakar störningar av beräkningarna. I utvärderingen av MR-bilder sågs även liknande felaktigheter som i simuleringarna då fettvävnad exkluderades. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Säll, Cornelia
supervisor
organization
course
MSFT02 20232
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
language
English
id
9139563
date added to LUP
2023-10-04 19:59:48
date last changed
2023-10-04 19:59:48
@misc{9139563,
  abstract     = {{Background/purpose
Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is an MRI-based post processing technique to evaluate the magnetic susceptibility, χ, of human tissue using phase data. While brain imaging has been the most common application, other areas have also raised interest. For example, QSM of the articular cartilage of the knee has been suggested as a means to study the degeneration of this tissue. This would be of interest, as degeneration of articular cartilage is strongly related to the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, QSM of the knee is not straightforward, as the signal from fatty tissue complicates the reconstruction process due to its many frequency components. To avoid this issue, masking has been used to exclude fatty tissue from the reconstruction process. This is a relatively simple approach to a complicated problem, but, it might also be a source of bias in the susceptibility maps obtained. Another approach is the removal of chemical shift through chemical shift encoded imaging (CSEI) before QSM. The purpose of this work was to evaluate and compare the effects these approaches have on the estimated susceptibility values.

Materials and methods
Numerical phantoms were created based on two sets of MR images of knees, by defining various lean and fatty tissue compartments and assigning these literature susceptibility values. 
From these, phase images were simulated, which, in turn were used for QSM reconstruction. Comparisons were conducted between different background field removal techniques, and masking alternatives excluding: 1) no tissue, 2) bone marrow and 3) all fatty tissues from the reconstruction process. The performance of the different alternatives was evaluated by how well the ground truth was reproduced. Potential sources of error in the CSEI were also simulated. 
The two approaches to handle signal from fatty tissue in the susceptibility calculation were also tested in vivo. Here, comparisons were made using the same background field removal techniques and masking alternatives as for the simulations. 

Results
In the simulations, the ground truth was reproduced most reliably when no tissue was excluded from the reconstruction process, while masking of fatty tissue introduced a bias in the obtained susceptibility values. The size of this bias depended on the background field removal technique employed, how much of the fatty tissue that was excluded and the geometry of the knee evaluated. 
Results obtained from in vivo data corresponded to results reported in earlier studies and confirmed the simulation results of this study. However, both with and without CSEI, artefacts were seen when masking of fatty tissue was not performed. These were mitigated by exclusion of fatty tissue. The severity of these artefacts was greater without CSEI.

Conclusion
Exclusion of fatty tissue resulted in bias in the calculated susceptibility maps. Inclusion of fatty tissue in the reconstruction processes yielded more robust results between reconstruction techniques and geometry. However, in the in vivo results, the exclusion of fatty tissue from the reconstruction process mitigated artefacts stemming from imperfect CSEI.
Inclusion of fatty tissue in QSM reconstruction is advantageous, assuming that an accurate enough CSEI may be performed. If fatty tissue is excluded from QSM reconstruction, a suitable choice of background field removal technique may limit the bias caused.}},
  author       = {{Säll, Cornelia}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Quantitative susceptibility mapping of the knee: A comparison of approaches for addressing fatty tissue}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}