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Köparens undersökning efter företagsförvärv - en analys av hur 31–32 §§ köplagen påverkar köparens möjlighet att åberopa fel vid företagsförvärv

Nordström, Gustav LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Trots en sedan länge pågående debatt i doktrinen har både 1905 års köplag och dagens köplag tillämpats på företagsförvärv som sker genom en aktieöverlåtelse. Det är dock tydligt att lagstiftaren inte hade företagsförvärv eller aktieköp i åtanke när köplagen skrevs och reglerna tenderar därför att vara mindre lämpliga för aktieöverlåtelser vid företagsförvärv. I många situationer blir detta inget problem för parterna som inom ramen för sin avtalsfrihet kan göra nödvändiga anpassningar för aktieköpet. Även om parterna avtalar bort köplagen eller avtalar bort den genom att avtala om något annat, går det inte att garantera att en sådan disposition alltid medför att köplagen blir betydelselös. Om en viss fråga inte kan besvaras av avtalets... (More)
Trots en sedan länge pågående debatt i doktrinen har både 1905 års köplag och dagens köplag tillämpats på företagsförvärv som sker genom en aktieöverlåtelse. Det är dock tydligt att lagstiftaren inte hade företagsförvärv eller aktieköp i åtanke när köplagen skrevs och reglerna tenderar därför att vara mindre lämpliga för aktieöverlåtelser vid företagsförvärv. I många situationer blir detta inget problem för parterna som inom ramen för sin avtalsfrihet kan göra nödvändiga anpassningar för aktieköpet. Även om parterna avtalar bort köplagen eller avtalar bort den genom att avtala om något annat, går det inte att garantera att en sådan disposition alltid medför att köplagen blir betydelselös. Om en viss fråga inte kan besvaras av avtalets ordalydelse eller genom en avtalstolkning måste svaren sökas i allmänna rättsprinciper. Eftersom köplagen uttrycker flera sådana principer, riskerar parterna att ändå hamna i köplagen och låta dess bestämmelser tillämpas på parternas avtal. Uppsatsen undersöker hur köplagens regler om köparens undersökning efter köp samt reklamationsplikt vid fel ser ut vid företagsöverlåtelser.

I svensk rätt finns en reklamationsplikt för köpare som vill åberopa fel i den köpta egendomen. Den allmänna reklamationsplikten går att härleda från både köplagen och allmänna kontraktsrättsliga principer, vilket HD har fastställt. Neutral reklamation enligt köplagen ska ske inom skälig tid från det att köparen antingen har upptäckt eller borde ha upptäckt felet.

Vad köparen har upptäckt eller borde ha upptäckt bestäms ofta av den undersökning efter köp som köparen ska genomföra enligt köplagen. Vid företagsöverlåtelser är det mer eller mindre marknadspraxis att köparen före köpet genom en due diligence undersöker bolaget som ska köpas. Due diligence-processen är resurskrävande och en stor del av arbetet kring en företagsöverlåtelse läggs här. Uppsatsen undersöker emellertid hur undersökningen efter köp ser ut och hur den påverkar köparens möjligheter att lyckas med krav mot säljaren. Lagtexten ger inte någon vägledning beträffande tidsfristen och omfattningen för en sådan undersökning efter köp. Hänvisningen till att undersökningen ska ske enligt “god affärssed” bidrar inte med någon tydlighet för vad en köpare måste undersöka. Det saknas även tydlig vägledning i praxis beträffande en sådan undersökning.

Om köparen åsidosätter sin undersökningsplikt efter köp kan det innebära att vissa fel i det köpta bolaget borde ha upptäckts tidigare än vad som har gjorts. Konsekvenserna av en utebliven eller otillfredsställande undersökning kan då bli att köparen försummar sin reklamationsplikt varför rätten till felanspråk prekluderas. Uppsatsen undersöker om en säljare efter en företagsöverlåtelse och vid ett konstaterat fel som denne i och för sig ansvarar för, med framgång skulle kunna göra en sådan reklamationsinvändning i ljuset av att köparen borde ha upptäckt felet tidigare än vad som har gjorts.

Det konstateras att även om säljaren visserligen skulle kunna lyckas med en sådan invändning går det inte att fastställa exakt i vilka fall detta skulle kunna ske. Det går nämligen inte att beskriva en generell marknadspraxis eller någon god affärssed för hur en undersökning efter tillträdet ska se ut och när den ska genomföras. Uppsatsen konstaterar därför att gällande rätt inte på ett tillfredsställande och förutsebart sätt reglerar frågorna om undersökning efter köp och reklamation vid företagsöverlåtelser. Uppsatsen avslutas med ett resonemang de lege ferenda där förslag på nya lagregler presenteras och motiveras. (Less)
Abstract
Despite a long-standing debate in the doctrine, both the 1905 Swedish Sales of Goods Act and the current Swedish Sales of Goods Act have been applied to company acquisitions through share transfers. However, the legislator did not have company acquisitions or share purchases in mind when drafting the Sales of Goods Act and the set of rules therefore tends to be less suitable for share transfers in the context of a company acquisition. However, this is often not a problem for the parties. The Sales of Goods Act is an optional law, and the parties may therefore within their freedom of contract make the necessary modifications to the share purchase. Even if the parties expressly waive the entire Sales of Goods Act or waive it by agreeing to... (More)
Despite a long-standing debate in the doctrine, both the 1905 Swedish Sales of Goods Act and the current Swedish Sales of Goods Act have been applied to company acquisitions through share transfers. However, the legislator did not have company acquisitions or share purchases in mind when drafting the Sales of Goods Act and the set of rules therefore tends to be less suitable for share transfers in the context of a company acquisition. However, this is often not a problem for the parties. The Sales of Goods Act is an optional law, and the parties may therefore within their freedom of contract make the necessary modifications to the share purchase. Even if the parties expressly waive the entire Sales of Goods Act or waive it by agreeing to something else, it cannot be guaranteed that such a disposition will always render the Sales of Goods Act meaningless. If a certain question cannot be answered by the wording of the contract or by an interpretation of the contract, guidance must be sought in general principles of law. Since the Sales of Goods Act expresses several such principles, the parties risk ending up in the Sales of Goods Act anyway, allowing its provisions to apply to their contract. The thesis examines how the rules in the Sales of Goods Act regarding the buyer's post-acquisition inspection and the obligation to put the seller on notice regarding defects are designed in the case of a company acquisition under current law.

Swedish law contains certain obligations for a buyer who wishes to invoke and allege a defect in a purchased object. This obligation can be derived from both the Sales of Goods Act and general principles of contract law, as established by the Swedish Supreme Court in its case law. According to the Sales of Goods Act, the buyer must put the seller on notice within a reasonable time after the buyer either detected or should have detected the defect.

What the buyer has detected or should have detected is often determined by the post-acquisition inspection that the buyer must carry out under the Sales of Goods Act. In M&A transactions, it is market practice for the buyer to carry out a due diligence investigation of the company to be purchased. The due diligence process is resource-intensive and a large part of the work surrounding a company acquisition is spent here. The thesis, however, exam- ines the nature of the post-acquisition inspection and how it affects the buyer's ability to succeed with a claim regarding defects against the seller. However, the law does not provide any further guidance on the time limit and scope of such post-acquisition inspection. The reference to "generally accepted business practices" (god affärssed) does not provide clarity on what a company acquirer must investigate. Furthermore, case law does not provide clear guidance on the content of such a post-acquisition inspection.

If the buyer fails to fulfil his obligation to perform a post-acquisition inspection, this may mean that certain defects in the acquired company should have been discovered earlier than they were. The consequences of an omitted or unsatisfactory performed post-acquisition inspection can be that the buyer neglects his obligation to put the seller on notice, which deprives the buyer of the right to invoke certain defects. The thesis is based on a company acquisition where it is already established that the seller is responsible for a recognised defect in the company. The thesis examines whether the seller successfully could raise objection against the buyer ́s notice regarding the established defect, in the light of the fact that the buyer should have discovered the defect earlier than he/she did.

The thesis concludes that even if the seller could succeed with such an objection by claiming that the buyer has failed to put the seller on notice in time, it is not possible to determine exactly in which cases this could happen. It is not possible through a general market practice or any generally accepted business practices describe how a post-acquisition inspection after a company acquisition should be performed and when it should be performed. The thesis therefore concludes that current law does not regulate the issues of post-acquisition inspection and putting the seller on notice in company acquisitions in a satisfactory and predictable manner. The thesis is concluded with a de lege ferenda argument where proposals for new legal rules are presented and motivated. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nordström, Gustav LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Post-acquisition inspection in company acquisitions - an analysis of how sections 31-32 of the Sales of Goods Act affect the buyer's ability to invoke defects in a company acquistion
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt, företagsförvärv, undersökningsplikt, reklamation
language
Swedish
id
9142588
date added to LUP
2024-01-18 11:26:28
date last changed
2024-01-18 11:26:28
@misc{9142588,
  abstract     = {{Despite a long-standing debate in the doctrine, both the 1905 Swedish Sales of Goods Act and the current Swedish Sales of Goods Act have been applied to company acquisitions through share transfers. However, the legislator did not have company acquisitions or share purchases in mind when drafting the Sales of Goods Act and the set of rules therefore tends to be less suitable for share transfers in the context of a company acquisition. However, this is often not a problem for the parties. The Sales of Goods Act is an optional law, and the parties may therefore within their freedom of contract make the necessary modifications to the share purchase. Even if the parties expressly waive the entire Sales of Goods Act or waive it by agreeing to something else, it cannot be guaranteed that such a disposition will always render the Sales of Goods Act meaningless. If a certain question cannot be answered by the wording of the contract or by an interpretation of the contract, guidance must be sought in general principles of law. Since the Sales of Goods Act expresses several such principles, the parties risk ending up in the Sales of Goods Act anyway, allowing its provisions to apply to their contract. The thesis examines how the rules in the Sales of Goods Act regarding the buyer's post-acquisition inspection and the obligation to put the seller on notice regarding defects are designed in the case of a company acquisition under current law.

Swedish law contains certain obligations for a buyer who wishes to invoke and allege a defect in a purchased object. This obligation can be derived from both the Sales of Goods Act and general principles of contract law, as established by the Swedish Supreme Court in its case law. According to the Sales of Goods Act, the buyer must put the seller on notice within a reasonable time after the buyer either detected or should have detected the defect.

What the buyer has detected or should have detected is often determined by the post-acquisition inspection that the buyer must carry out under the Sales of Goods Act. In M&A transactions, it is market practice for the buyer to carry out a due diligence investigation of the company to be purchased. The due diligence process is resource-intensive and a large part of the work surrounding a company acquisition is spent here. The thesis, however, exam- ines the nature of the post-acquisition inspection and how it affects the buyer's ability to succeed with a claim regarding defects against the seller. However, the law does not provide any further guidance on the time limit and scope of such post-acquisition inspection. The reference to "generally accepted business practices" (god affärssed) does not provide clarity on what a company acquirer must investigate. Furthermore, case law does not provide clear guidance on the content of such a post-acquisition inspection.

If the buyer fails to fulfil his obligation to perform a post-acquisition inspection, this may mean that certain defects in the acquired company should have been discovered earlier than they were. The consequences of an omitted or unsatisfactory performed post-acquisition inspection can be that the buyer neglects his obligation to put the seller on notice, which deprives the buyer of the right to invoke certain defects. The thesis is based on a company acquisition where it is already established that the seller is responsible for a recognised defect in the company. The thesis examines whether the seller successfully could raise objection against the buyer ́s notice regarding the established defect, in the light of the fact that the buyer should have discovered the defect earlier than he/she did.

The thesis concludes that even if the seller could succeed with such an objection by claiming that the buyer has failed to put the seller on notice in time, it is not possible to determine exactly in which cases this could happen. It is not possible through a general market practice or any generally accepted business practices describe how a post-acquisition inspection after a company acquisition should be performed and when it should be performed. The thesis therefore concludes that current law does not regulate the issues of post-acquisition inspection and putting the seller on notice in company acquisitions in a satisfactory and predictable manner. The thesis is concluded with a de lege ferenda argument where proposals for new legal rules are presented and motivated.}},
  author       = {{Nordström, Gustav}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Köparens undersökning efter företagsförvärv - en analys av hur 31–32 §§ köplagen påverkar köparens möjlighet att åberopa fel vid företagsförvärv}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}