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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Ansvarsbegränsningar i kommersiella avtalsförhållanden – särskilt i ljuset av NJA 2022 s. 354

Groll, Alexandra LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Ansvarsbegränsningar är idag ett vanligt förekommande inslag i avtal, i synnerhet i kommersiella sådana. Syftet med inkorporeringen av en ansvarsbegränsningsklausul är vanligtvis att parterna söker reglera riskfördelningen sig emellan. Ansvarsbegränsningen sätter då en prägel på avtalsförhållandet, vilken många gånger tar sig uttryck i form av att skadeståndsansvaret begränsas i sig eller att ett maximalt skadeståndsbelopp stipuleras.

Samtidigt som den svenska avtalsrätten bland annat vilar på grundpelare som säger att var och en har rätt att fritt att avtala och att avtal ska hållas, vilar den även på en grundpelare, ekvivalensprincipen, som säger att avtal ska vara balanserade. Det kan anses ge upphov till en fundamental motsättning.... (More)
Ansvarsbegränsningar är idag ett vanligt förekommande inslag i avtal, i synnerhet i kommersiella sådana. Syftet med inkorporeringen av en ansvarsbegränsningsklausul är vanligtvis att parterna söker reglera riskfördelningen sig emellan. Ansvarsbegränsningen sätter då en prägel på avtalsförhållandet, vilken många gånger tar sig uttryck i form av att skadeståndsansvaret begränsas i sig eller att ett maximalt skadeståndsbelopp stipuleras.

Samtidigt som den svenska avtalsrätten bland annat vilar på grundpelare som säger att var och en har rätt att fritt att avtala och att avtal ska hållas, vilar den även på en grundpelare, ekvivalensprincipen, som säger att avtal ska vara balanserade. Det kan anses ge upphov till en fundamental motsättning. Å ena sidan är parter fria att avtala om en ansvarsbegränsning och därmed bli bundna av denna. Å andra sidan finns en viss sannolikhet för att denna avtalade ansvarsbegränsning kan komma att behöva ge vika för ekvivalensprincipen. Det kan bland annat ske i form av jämkning eller åsidosättande med stöd av 36 § AvtL.

Hur ansvarsbegränsningar ska kontrolleras i den svenska rättsordningen har dock kommit att bli föremål för diskussion. Under lång tid har det hävdats att ansvarsbegränsningars giltighet skulle prövas med utgångspunkt i dikotomin mellan vårdslöshet och grov vårdslöshet. Det beror på att det av många betraktas som en allmän princip att ansvarsbegränsningar inte gäller i situationer där skadevållaren agerat grovt vårdslöst. Det kan dock anses ge upphov till svåra bedömningsfrågor och rättsosäkerhet eftersom det inte finns någon allmängiltig definition av vad som faktiskt utgör grov vårdslöshet. Med anledning av det utreds i denna uppsats vilka utgångspunkter som gör sig gällande beträffande användningen och kontrollen av ansvarsbegränsningar i kommersiella avtalsrelationer samt hur HD:s rättspraxis har förhållit sig till dessa.

Uppsatsen visar på att det redan av förarbetena till AvtL framgår att ansvarsbegränsningar kan jämkas eller åsidosättas med stöd av generalklausulen i 36 § AvtL. Dock anbefalls en restriktiv tillämpning i kommersiella avtalsförhållanden med anledning av partsställningen. Dessa utgångspunkter kan i sin tur sägas kodifieras i rättspraxis, där HD i de senaste aktuella rättsfallen beträffande ansvarsbegränsningar gjorde sin bedömning med utgångspunkt i 36 § AvtL och inte dikotomin mellan vårdslöshet och grov vårdslöshet. Redan innan dessa avgöranden från HD meddelades kom dessutom en skiljedom, som kommit att väcka diskussion, där nämnden beslutade att pröva en ansvarsbegränsning med utgångspunkt i 36 § AvtL. Emellertid var det enbart i skiljedomen, som gällde ett kommersiellt avtal, som ansvarsbegränsningen jämkades. Inte i någon av HD:s domar, inbegripande ett konsumentfall och ett kommersiellt avtal, jämkades eller åsidosattes ansvarsbegränsningen. (Less)
Abstract
Contractual terms that limit the liability are widely used nowadays, particularly in commercial agreements. The purpose of the incorporation of liability limitations is usually that the contracting parties want to regulate the allocation of risks between them. The liability limitation then sets the scene for the agreement, which often takes the form of the general liability being limited or a maximum amount of damages being stipulated.

While the Swedish contract law inter alia relies on fundamental pillars saying that everyone has the right to agree freely and that agreements must be kept, it also relies on a pillar, the principle of equivalence, meaning that agreements must be balanced. That can be regarded as a fundamental... (More)
Contractual terms that limit the liability are widely used nowadays, particularly in commercial agreements. The purpose of the incorporation of liability limitations is usually that the contracting parties want to regulate the allocation of risks between them. The liability limitation then sets the scene for the agreement, which often takes the form of the general liability being limited or a maximum amount of damages being stipulated.

While the Swedish contract law inter alia relies on fundamental pillars saying that everyone has the right to agree freely and that agreements must be kept, it also relies on a pillar, the principle of equivalence, meaning that agreements must be balanced. That can be regarded as a fundamental contradiction. On the one hand, contracting parties are free to agree on a liability limitation and consequently be bound by it. On the other hand, there is a probability that this liability limitation may need to give way to the principle of equivalence. That may inter alia be carried out in the form of adjustment or disregard in accordance with the general clause in Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act.

How liability limitations should be controlled in the Swedish legal system has become subject of discussion. For a long time, it has been argued that liability limitations should be examined based on the dichotomy between negligence and gross negligence. The reason for that is the common perception that it is a general principle that liability limitations are not applicable in situations where the perpetrator has acted grossly negligent. However, that may give rise to difficult questions of assessment and legal uncertainty because there is no universal definition of what gross negligence actually is. By reason of that, this essay investigates which premises come into play regarding the use and control of liability limitations in commercial contractual relationships as well as what approach the Swedish Supreme Court has towards this in its case law.

This essay highlights that the legislative history behind the Swedish Contracts Act provides that liability limitations may be adjusted or disregarded in accordance with the general clause in Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act. However, a restrictive application is prescribed when it comes to commercial contractual relationships because of the balance between the contracting parties. These premises can be said to be codified in case law, where the Supreme Court in the most recent cases at issue regarding liability limitations conducted their examination based on Section 36 and not the dichotomy between negligence and gross negligence. Also, before these rulings from the Supreme Court, a much-disputed award came, where the tribunal decided to examine a liability limitation based on Section 36. However, it was only in the award, which regarded a commercial agreement, that the liability limitation was subject to adjustment. That was not the case in the rulings from the Supreme Court, which regarded one consumer contract and one commercial contract. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Groll, Alexandra LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Liability limitations in commercial agreements - particularly in the light of NJA 2022 s. 354
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
avtalsrätt, civilrätt, förmögenhetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9142605
date added to LUP
2024-01-18 10:12:07
date last changed
2024-01-18 10:12:07
@misc{9142605,
  abstract     = {{Contractual terms that limit the liability are widely used nowadays, particularly in commercial agreements. The purpose of the incorporation of liability limitations is usually that the contracting parties want to regulate the allocation of risks between them. The liability limitation then sets the scene for the agreement, which often takes the form of the general liability being limited or a maximum amount of damages being stipulated.

While the Swedish contract law inter alia relies on fundamental pillars saying that everyone has the right to agree freely and that agreements must be kept, it also relies on a pillar, the principle of equivalence, meaning that agreements must be balanced. That can be regarded as a fundamental contradiction. On the one hand, contracting parties are free to agree on a liability limitation and consequently be bound by it. On the other hand, there is a probability that this liability limitation may need to give way to the principle of equivalence. That may inter alia be carried out in the form of adjustment or disregard in accordance with the general clause in Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act.

How liability limitations should be controlled in the Swedish legal system has become subject of discussion. For a long time, it has been argued that liability limitations should be examined based on the dichotomy between negligence and gross negligence. The reason for that is the common perception that it is a general principle that liability limitations are not applicable in situations where the perpetrator has acted grossly negligent. However, that may give rise to difficult questions of assessment and legal uncertainty because there is no universal definition of what gross negligence actually is. By reason of that, this essay investigates which premises come into play regarding the use and control of liability limitations in commercial contractual relationships as well as what approach the Swedish Supreme Court has towards this in its case law.

This essay highlights that the legislative history behind the Swedish Contracts Act provides that liability limitations may be adjusted or disregarded in accordance with the general clause in Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act. However, a restrictive application is prescribed when it comes to commercial contractual relationships because of the balance between the contracting parties. These premises can be said to be codified in case law, where the Supreme Court in the most recent cases at issue regarding liability limitations conducted their examination based on Section 36 and not the dichotomy between negligence and gross negligence. Also, before these rulings from the Supreme Court, a much-disputed award came, where the tribunal decided to examine a liability limitation based on Section 36. However, it was only in the award, which regarded a commercial agreement, that the liability limitation was subject to adjustment. That was not the case in the rulings from the Supreme Court, which regarded one consumer contract and one commercial contract.}},
  author       = {{Groll, Alexandra}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ansvarsbegränsningar i kommersiella avtalsförhållanden – särskilt i ljuset av NJA 2022 s. 354}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}