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Friskrivningsklausuler i juridiska rådgivningsavtal – Om användandet av klausultypen i förhållande till 36 § avtalslagen

Stenport, Filip LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I samband med att kommersiella uppdragsavtal om juridisk rådgivning träffas är det inte ovanligt att avtalsparterna samtidigt avtalar om att begränsa rådgivarens ansvar med hjälp av en så kallad friskrivningsklausul. Syftet med användandet av sådana klausuler kan vara att kanalisera avtalets risker till den part som besitter bäst kapacitet att hantera risken. En annan anledning kan vara att man som avtalspart helt enkelt vill begränsa sitt skadeståndsansvar i förhållande till vad som annars hade varit fallet. Mot bakgrund av 36 § AvtL, och möjligheten att med stöd av denna paragraf jämka eller åsidosätta oskäliga avtalsvillkor, är emellertid avtalsfriheten inte obegränsad när det kommer till nyttjandet av friskrivningsklausuler. Syftet med... (More)
I samband med att kommersiella uppdragsavtal om juridisk rådgivning träffas är det inte ovanligt att avtalsparterna samtidigt avtalar om att begränsa rådgivarens ansvar med hjälp av en så kallad friskrivningsklausul. Syftet med användandet av sådana klausuler kan vara att kanalisera avtalets risker till den part som besitter bäst kapacitet att hantera risken. En annan anledning kan vara att man som avtalspart helt enkelt vill begränsa sitt skadeståndsansvar i förhållande till vad som annars hade varit fallet. Mot bakgrund av 36 § AvtL, och möjligheten att med stöd av denna paragraf jämka eller åsidosätta oskäliga avtalsvillkor, är emellertid avtalsfriheten inte obegränsad när det kommer till nyttjandet av friskrivningsklausuler. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att utreda och analysera frågan om i vilken utsträckning 36 § AvtL tillåter att juridiska rådgivare friskriver sig från skadeståndsansvar. De typer av friskrivningsklausuler som avhandlas i uppsatsen är dels ansvarsbegränsningar, alltså klausuler där skadeståndsansvaret begränsas till ett visst belopp, dels ansvarsfriskrivningar, där rådgivaren fullständigt begränsar sitt ansvar vid exempelvis en viss grad av oaktsamhet.

Undersökningen inriktas mot att klarlägga vilka faktorer som anses vara särskilt relevanta att beakta vid den bedömning av skäligheten som ska göras enligt 36 § AvtL. Då uppsatsen i synnerhet syftar till att utreda vilken vikt som ska tillmätas rådgivarens grad av oaktsamhet vid tillämpningen av paragrafen, redogörs också för frågan om när en juridisk rådgivare ska anses ha utfört sitt uppdrag oaktsamt.

Möjligheterna att avtala om ansvarsfriskrivningar i rådgivningsavtal tycks utifrån vad som framkommit i undersökningen vara förhållandevis begränsade. Utrymmet att tillämpa ansvarsbegränsningar är större, men också när det gäller sådana klausuler är det tydligt att avtalsfriheten är relativ. Frågan om när en friskrivningsklausul ska betraktas som oskälig avgörs i första hand av hur oaktsam rådgivaren har varit vid genomförandet av uppdraget. Mot bakgrund av Högsta domstolens avgörande NJA 2022 s. 354 framstår emellertid oaktsamhetsbedömningen som oförutsägbar, vilket ger upphov till ett antal problem. I vissa hänseenden förefaller dessutom juridiska rådgivares förpliktelser vara alltför långtgående.

Vid tillämpningen av 36 § AvtL ska alla omständigheter som bedöms vara relevanta beaktas. Utöver rådgivarens grad av oaktsamhet har Högsta domstolen särskilt nämnt bland annat frågan om i vilken mån något centralt avtalsvillkor har åsidosatts, förhållandet mellan uppdragets arvode och ansvarsbegränsningens storlek, samt rådgivarens försäkringsmöjligheter som faktorer att ta hänsyn till. I uppsatsen dras emellertid slutsatsen att betydelsen av sistnämnda faktor bör förtydligas. (Less)
Abstract
When a commercial contract regarding legal services is concluded, the liability of the legal advisor is often limited by agreeing on a so-called exemption clause. The purpose of agreeing on such a clause may be to channel the risks of the agreement to the party with the best capacity to manage the risk. Alternatively, a contracting party could have an interest in using the clause simply to reduce its own liability in relation to what otherwise would have been the case. However, due to section 36 of the Contracts Act, and the opportunity to adjust or override an unreasonable contractual condition by referring to the section, the freedom of contract is not definitive when it comes to agreements regarding exemption clauses. Therefore, the... (More)
When a commercial contract regarding legal services is concluded, the liability of the legal advisor is often limited by agreeing on a so-called exemption clause. The purpose of agreeing on such a clause may be to channel the risks of the agreement to the party with the best capacity to manage the risk. Alternatively, a contracting party could have an interest in using the clause simply to reduce its own liability in relation to what otherwise would have been the case. However, due to section 36 of the Contracts Act, and the opportunity to adjust or override an unreasonable contractual condition by referring to the section, the freedom of contract is not definitive when it comes to agreements regarding exemption clauses. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyse to which extent section 36 of the Contracts Act enables legal advising companies to disavow from contractual liability. The different types of exemption clauses discussed in the paper are limitation clauses, i.e. clauses limiting the liability for an economic loss to a certain amount, and exclusion clauses, where the liability of the advisor is completely extinguished in the event of, for example, a certain degree of negligent behaviour.

The main focus of the study is to examine which factors are considered to be particularly relevant to take into account when assessing whether an exemption clause should be considered reasonable in the light of section 36 of the Contracts Act. As the purpose of the essay especially is to study what weight should be given the degree of negligence of the advisor when applying section 36, the question on when the acts of a legal advisor should be seen as negligent is also reviewed.

Based on the findings of the study, the usage of exclusion clauses appears to be relatively restricted. Although a limitation clause is more likely to be considered reasonable, the essay clearly demonstrates that the freedom of contract is limited as regards the mentioned clause-type. Whether an exemption clause should be considered unreasonable is primarily depending on to which extent the legal service assignment has been negligently performed. However, as a consequence of the precedent NJA 2022 p. 354 of the Supreme Court, the results of negligence assessments made by applying Swedish law appears to be unpredictable, which leads to several problems. Besides that, the obligations of legal advisors seem to be excessive in some respects.

When applying section 36 of the Contracts Act, every circumstance deemed to be relevant should be taken into account. Besides the negligence of the advisor, the Supreme Court has particularly mentioned a few factors to be considered relevant, including whether any essential contractual term has been breached, the relation between the cost of the services and the extent of the limitation clause and finally, the insurance alternatives of the advisor. In the essay, however, the conclusion is drawn that the meaning of the latter factor should be clarified. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Stenport, Filip LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Exemption clauses in legal services agreements – On the usage of the clause type in relation to section 36 of the Contracts Act
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
avtalsrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, skadeståndsrätt, friskrivningsklausuler, rådgivning, avtalslagen
language
Swedish
id
9142607
date added to LUP
2024-01-19 12:07:50
date last changed
2024-01-19 12:07:50
@misc{9142607,
  abstract     = {{When a commercial contract regarding legal services is concluded, the liability of the legal advisor is often limited by agreeing on a so-called exemption clause. The purpose of agreeing on such a clause may be to channel the risks of the agreement to the party with the best capacity to manage the risk. Alternatively, a contracting party could have an interest in using the clause simply to reduce its own liability in relation to what otherwise would have been the case. However, due to section 36 of the Contracts Act, and the opportunity to adjust or override an unreasonable contractual condition by referring to the section, the freedom of contract is not definitive when it comes to agreements regarding exemption clauses. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to investigate and analyse to which extent section 36 of the Contracts Act enables legal advising companies to disavow from contractual liability. The different types of exemption clauses discussed in the paper are limitation clauses, i.e. clauses limiting the liability for an economic loss to a certain amount, and exclusion clauses, where the liability of the advisor is completely extinguished in the event of, for example, a certain degree of negligent behaviour.

The main focus of the study is to examine which factors are considered to be particularly relevant to take into account when assessing whether an exemption clause should be considered reasonable in the light of section 36 of the Contracts Act. As the purpose of the essay especially is to study what weight should be given the degree of negligence of the advisor when applying section 36, the question on when the acts of a legal advisor should be seen as negligent is also reviewed.

Based on the findings of the study, the usage of exclusion clauses appears to be relatively restricted. Although a limitation clause is more likely to be considered reasonable, the essay clearly demonstrates that the freedom of contract is limited as regards the mentioned clause-type. Whether an exemption clause should be considered unreasonable is primarily depending on to which extent the legal service assignment has been negligently performed. However, as a consequence of the precedent NJA 2022 p. 354 of the Supreme Court, the results of negligence assessments made by applying Swedish law appears to be unpredictable, which leads to several problems. Besides that, the obligations of legal advisors seem to be excessive in some respects.

When applying section 36 of the Contracts Act, every circumstance deemed to be relevant should be taken into account. Besides the negligence of the advisor, the Supreme Court has particularly mentioned a few factors to be considered relevant, including whether any essential contractual term has been breached, the relation between the cost of the services and the extent of the limitation clause and finally, the insurance alternatives of the advisor. In the essay, however, the conclusion is drawn that the meaning of the latter factor should be clarified.}},
  author       = {{Stenport, Filip}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Friskrivningsklausuler i juridiska rådgivningsavtal – Om användandet av klausultypen i förhållande till 36 § avtalslagen}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}