Etnisk profilering inom svensk underrättelseverksamhet
(2023) JURM02 20232Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Underrättelseverksamhet bedrivs till stor del i syfte att förebygga eller förhindra brott. En vital del av utredningsarbetet är att identifiera och avgränsa potentiella misstänkta. Arbetsmetoden kallas för förutsägande profilering. Metoden förutsätter bearbetning och insamling av uppgifter när misstanken ännu inte kan individualiseras. Sådana uppgifter kan innehålla så kallade känsliga personuppgifter. Behandling av känsliga personuppgifter innebär en inskränkning av den registrerades grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. Europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna har fastslagit särskilda krav för att en sådan inskränkning ska anses motiverad. I huvudsak föreligger krav på lagenlighet, en effektiv tillsyn samt att den enskilde... (More)
- Underrättelseverksamhet bedrivs till stor del i syfte att förebygga eller förhindra brott. En vital del av utredningsarbetet är att identifiera och avgränsa potentiella misstänkta. Arbetsmetoden kallas för förutsägande profilering. Metoden förutsätter bearbetning och insamling av uppgifter när misstanken ännu inte kan individualiseras. Sådana uppgifter kan innehålla så kallade känsliga personuppgifter. Behandling av känsliga personuppgifter innebär en inskränkning av den registrerades grundläggande fri- och rättigheter. Europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna har fastslagit särskilda krav för att en sådan inskränkning ska anses motiverad. I huvudsak föreligger krav på lagenlighet, en effektiv tillsyn samt att den enskilde garanteras en prövning vid en opartisk instans.
När personuppgifterna baseras på etniskt ursprung eller förmodat etniskt ur-sprung utgör registreringen etnisk profilering. Av Dataskyddsreformen följer att förutsägande etnisk profilering får nyttjas inom underrättelsetjänst när det är absolut nödvändigt. Sett till svenska förarbeten innebär kravet att registreringen inte får ske rutinmässigt. Europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna har genom praxis förmedlat en nyanserad vägledning av hur kravet ska tolkas.
Den här studien syftar till att utreda regleringen av, samt tillsynen över, förut-sägande etnisk profilering som ett led i underrättelseverksamhet och dess farhågor sett ur ett europarättsligt perspektiv. Av uppsatsens huvudsakliga slut-sats framgår att den inhemska regleringen är konventionsenlig sett till den lagtekniska utformningen. Det föreligger dock en diskrepans mellan lagens utformning i teorin och hur den tar sig uttryck i praktiken.
Svenska tillsynsmyndigheter erbjuder en otillräcklig tillsyn över hur förutsägande etnisk profilering används inom underrättelsetjänsten, i termer av lagens efterlevnad i praktiken. Det föreligger vidare en relativt hög tröskel för en-skilda att ta sina rättigheter i anspråk, vilket beror på den begränsade rätten till insyn samt på lagens utformning som sådan. Den svenska tillsynen bör för-stärkas för att få ett sådant praktiskt genomslag som erfordras av unionsrätten och Europakonventionen. (Less) - Abstract
- Intelligence service is largely conducted by crime prevention agencies. A vital part of the investigation is to identify and delimit potential suspects. The method is called predictive profiling. The method implies processing and collecting information when the suspicion cannot yet be individualized. Such data may contain so called sensitive data. The registration of sensitive data impli-cates a violation of the individuals basic human rights. The European Court of Human Rights have established certain requirements for such a violation to be considered justified. The requirements that follows are essentially that the violation is legally motivated, that the state offers an effective supervision and that the individual is guaranteed a trial... (More)
- Intelligence service is largely conducted by crime prevention agencies. A vital part of the investigation is to identify and delimit potential suspects. The method is called predictive profiling. The method implies processing and collecting information when the suspicion cannot yet be individualized. Such data may contain so called sensitive data. The registration of sensitive data impli-cates a violation of the individuals basic human rights. The European Court of Human Rights have established certain requirements for such a violation to be considered justified. The requirements that follows are essentially that the violation is legally motivated, that the state offers an effective supervision and that the individual is guaranteed a trial by an impartial court.
When the sensitive data is based on ethnic origin or presumed ethnic origin, the registration constitutes ethnic profiling. By the Data Protection Reform follows that predictive ethnic profiling may be used within the intelligence service only when it is necessary. National legislative history implies that such registration must not happen by routine. Through precedents, the European Court of Human Rights has provided nuanced guidance of how the requirement should be interpreted.
This essay aims to clarify the regulation of, as well as the supervision of, predictive ethnic profiling within the Swedish intelligence service and its apprehensions in a European legal perspective. The essays primary analysis states the domestic regulation is in accordance with the convention as far as the legal technical design is concerned. However, there follows a discrepancy between the law by theory and its expression in practice.
The Swedish regulatory authorities offer an insufficient supervision of how predictive ethnic profiling is used within the intelligence service, in terms of adaptation to the law in practice. Furthermore, there is a relatively high thresh-old for individuals to claim their rights, which is due to the limited transparency and the technical aspects of the law. The Swedish regulatory authorities should be strengthened in order to obtain such practical approval as required by the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9142766
- author
- Kamme, Fredrika LU
- supervisor
-
- Karol Nowak LU
- organization
- alternative title
- Ethnic profiling within the Swedish intelligence service
- course
- JURM02 20232
- year
- 2023
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Criminal law, EU law, ethnic profiling, intelligence service
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9142766
- date added to LUP
- 2024-01-18 11:27:53
- date last changed
- 2024-01-18 11:27:53
@misc{9142766,
abstract = {{Intelligence service is largely conducted by crime prevention agencies. A vital part of the investigation is to identify and delimit potential suspects. The method is called predictive profiling. The method implies processing and collecting information when the suspicion cannot yet be individualized. Such data may contain so called sensitive data. The registration of sensitive data impli-cates a violation of the individuals basic human rights. The European Court of Human Rights have established certain requirements for such a violation to be considered justified. The requirements that follows are essentially that the violation is legally motivated, that the state offers an effective supervision and that the individual is guaranteed a trial by an impartial court.
When the sensitive data is based on ethnic origin or presumed ethnic origin, the registration constitutes ethnic profiling. By the Data Protection Reform follows that predictive ethnic profiling may be used within the intelligence service only when it is necessary. National legislative history implies that such registration must not happen by routine. Through precedents, the European Court of Human Rights has provided nuanced guidance of how the requirement should be interpreted.
This essay aims to clarify the regulation of, as well as the supervision of, predictive ethnic profiling within the Swedish intelligence service and its apprehensions in a European legal perspective. The essays primary analysis states the domestic regulation is in accordance with the convention as far as the legal technical design is concerned. However, there follows a discrepancy between the law by theory and its expression in practice.
The Swedish regulatory authorities offer an insufficient supervision of how predictive ethnic profiling is used within the intelligence service, in terms of adaptation to the law in practice. Furthermore, there is a relatively high thresh-old for individuals to claim their rights, which is due to the limited transparency and the technical aspects of the law. The Swedish regulatory authorities should be strengthened in order to obtain such practical approval as required by the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights.}},
author = {{Kamme, Fredrika}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Etnisk profilering inom svensk underrättelseverksamhet}},
year = {{2023}},
}