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Kapitalskydd som borgenärsskydd i aktiebolagsrätten

Paulson, Alexander LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Kännetecknande för aktiebolagsformen är aktieägarnas avsaknad av personligt ansvar. Detta skapar även förutsättningar för en intressekonflikt mellan aktiebolagets ägare och dess borgenärer där synen på samt incitamenten till såväl investeringar som risktagande kan skilja sig åt. Kapitalskyddssystemet utgör en central del av det aktiebolagsrättsliga borgenärsskyddet och kan betraktas som lagstiftarens sätt att hantera denna konflikt. Regleringen tar utgångspunkt i det bundna egna kapitalet och består i huvudsak av kravet på minsta aktiekapital, värdeöverföringsbegränsningar samt regler om tvångslikvidation vid kapitalbrist.

Mot bakgrund av det föregående ämnar framställningen att utreda hur aktiebolagets borgenärer skyddas genom den... (More)
Kännetecknande för aktiebolagsformen är aktieägarnas avsaknad av personligt ansvar. Detta skapar även förutsättningar för en intressekonflikt mellan aktiebolagets ägare och dess borgenärer där synen på samt incitamenten till såväl investeringar som risktagande kan skilja sig åt. Kapitalskyddssystemet utgör en central del av det aktiebolagsrättsliga borgenärsskyddet och kan betraktas som lagstiftarens sätt att hantera denna konflikt. Regleringen tar utgångspunkt i det bundna egna kapitalet och består i huvudsak av kravet på minsta aktiekapital, värdeöverföringsbegränsningar samt regler om tvångslikvidation vid kapitalbrist.

Mot bakgrund av det föregående ämnar framställningen att utreda hur aktiebolagets borgenärer skyddas genom den aktiebolagsrättsliga regleringen samt hur behovet därav ser ut. Av stor relevans för detta är borgenärskollektivets närmare utformning. En kategorisering av aktiebolagets borgenärer kan göras avseende frivilliga respektive ofrivilliga borgenärer där åtskillnad görs utifrån huruvida det föreligger eller skulle kunna föreligga en kontraktuell relation med bolaget. Ytterligare en distinktion kan göras mellan anpassande och icke-anpassande borgenärer, för vilken borgenärens möjlighet att anpassa avtalsvillkoren utefter kostnad och risk står i centrum.

Avseende hur bolagets borgenärer skyddas dras slutsatsen att borgenärer sannolikt inte kan förlita sig på att kapitalskyddsregleringen tillgodoser deras skyddsbehov. Särskilt aktiekapitalet och kapitalbristreglerna kan på goda grunder kritiseras ur ett borgenärsskyddshänseende. Många frivilliga och anpassande borgenärer kan därutöver i hög grad tillgodose sina skyddsbehov avtalsvägen medan det för ofrivilliga och icke-anpassande borgenärer saknas motsvarande möjlighet. Ytterligare en slutsats är att aktiebolagslagen tillhandahåller samma skydd åt alla borgenärer. Kapitalskyddssystemet får mot bakgrund av den betydande heterogeniteten bland aktiebolag och borgenärer ses som något av ett trubbigt medel för ett effektivt och ändamålsenligt borgenärsskydd.

Gällande behovet av ett aktiebolagsrättsligt borgenärsskydd dras slutsatsen att ofrivilliga och icke-anpassande borgenärer är såväl mest skyddsvärda som i störst behov av ett lagreglerat skydd. Frivilliga och anpassande borgenärer kan antas självreglera i den mån regleringen inte tillgodoser deras skyddsbehov. I avsaknad av lagreglering hade omfattande självreglering krävts med stora transaktionskostnader till följd och ett lagreglerat borgenärsskydd bör således vara att föredra. En annan slutsats är att ett dispositiv borgenärsskydd medför större flexibilitet samtidigt som ett tvingande sådant skapar större förutsägbarhet och främst kan anses önskvärt i relation till icke-anpassande borgenärer. Ytterligare en slutsats är att en dynamisk reglering på substantiell ekonomisk bas sannolikt är att föredra framför en reglering på nominell bas, där det sistnämnda kännetecknar skyddet av det bunda egna kapitalet. (Less)
Abstract
The limited liability company is characterised by the shareholders’ lack of personal liability. This also forms the basis of a conflict between the owners of the company and the creditors of the company, whose approaches and incentives for investments as well as risk-taking may diverge. The legal capital regime constitutets a core part of creditor protection under company law and can be considered as the legislator’s way of dealing with this conflict. The regulation is based on the company’s restricted equity and mainly consists of the mininum share capital requirement, value transfer restrictions and compulsory liquidation rules.

In the light of the above, this paper aims to investigate how creditors are protected under company law as... (More)
The limited liability company is characterised by the shareholders’ lack of personal liability. This also forms the basis of a conflict between the owners of the company and the creditors of the company, whose approaches and incentives for investments as well as risk-taking may diverge. The legal capital regime constitutets a core part of creditor protection under company law and can be considered as the legislator’s way of dealing with this conflict. The regulation is based on the company’s restricted equity and mainly consists of the mininum share capital requirement, value transfer restrictions and compulsory liquidation rules.

In the light of the above, this paper aims to investigate how creditors are protected under company law as well as the need for such protection. Of great significance in this regard is the nature of the collective of creditors. A distinction can be made between voluntary and involuntary creditors based on whether there is, or could be, a contractural relationship with the company. An additional distinction can be made between adjusting and non-adjusting creditors, for which the creditor’s ability to adapt its terms and conditions according to cost and risk is in the centre of the distinction.

Regarding how creditors are protected, it is concluded that creditors most likely cannot rely on the legal capital regime to provide protection in accordance with their needs. In particular, the minimum share capital requirement and rules regarding compulsory liquidation could on good grounds be criticised from a creditor protection perspective. In addition to this, many voluntary and adjusting creditors can to a high degree independently fulfill their need for protection, while involuntary and non-adjusting creditors lack such ability. A further conclusion is that the Swedish Companies Act provides the same protection to all creditors. Given the significant heterogeneity among companies as well as creditors, the legal capital regime could be considered a blunt instrument to achieve efficient and appropriate creditor protection.

As for the need for creditor protection under company law, it is concluded that involuntary and non-adjusting creditors are both most worthy of protection and most in need of protection. Many voluntary and adjusting creditors, however, can be assumed to self-regulate to the extent that the legal capital regime does not meet their needs of protection. In the absence of statutory regulation, considerable self-regulation would be required resulting in significant transaction costs. Statutory creditor protection is therefore likely preferable. Another finding is that discretionary creditor protection rules provide greater flexibility, while mandatory rules provide greater predictability and can be considered desirable particularly with regard to non-adjusting creditors. A further conclusion is that dynamic rules on a substantial economical basis is probably preferable to a regulation on a nominal basis, which could be said to characterise the protection of the restricted equity. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Paulson, Alexander LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Legal capital regime as means of creditor protection in company law
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Associationsrätt, borgenärsskydd, kapitalskydd.
language
Swedish
id
9142809
date added to LUP
2024-01-19 12:52:03
date last changed
2024-01-19 12:52:03
@misc{9142809,
  abstract     = {{The limited liability company is characterised by the shareholders’ lack of personal liability. This also forms the basis of a conflict between the owners of the company and the creditors of the company, whose approaches and incentives for investments as well as risk-taking may diverge. The legal capital regime constitutets a core part of creditor protection under company law and can be considered as the legislator’s way of dealing with this conflict. The regulation is based on the company’s restricted equity and mainly consists of the mininum share capital requirement, value transfer restrictions and compulsory liquidation rules. 

In the light of the above, this paper aims to investigate how creditors are protected under company law as well as the need for such protection. Of great significance in this regard is the nature of the collective of creditors. A distinction can be made between voluntary and involuntary creditors based on whether there is, or could be, a contractural relationship with the company. An additional distinction can be made between adjusting and non-adjusting creditors, for which the creditor’s ability to adapt its terms and conditions according to cost and risk is in the centre of the distinction. 

Regarding how creditors are protected, it is concluded that creditors most likely cannot rely on the legal capital regime to provide protection in accordance with their needs. In particular, the minimum share capital requirement and rules regarding compulsory liquidation could on good grounds be criticised from a creditor protection perspective. In addition to this, many voluntary and adjusting creditors can to a high degree independently fulfill their need for protection, while involuntary and non-adjusting creditors lack such ability. A further conclusion is that the Swedish Companies Act provides the same protection to all creditors. Given the significant heterogeneity among companies as well as creditors, the legal capital regime could be considered a blunt instrument to achieve efficient and appropriate creditor protection.
 
As for the need for creditor protection under company law, it is concluded that involuntary and non-adjusting creditors are both most worthy of protection and most in need of protection. Many voluntary and adjusting creditors, however, can be assumed to self-regulate to the extent that the legal capital regime does not meet their needs of protection. In the absence of statutory regulation, considerable self-regulation would be required resulting in significant transaction costs. Statutory creditor protection is therefore likely preferable. Another finding is that discretionary creditor protection rules provide greater flexibility, while mandatory rules provide greater predictability and can be considered desirable particularly with regard to non-adjusting creditors. A further conclusion is that dynamic rules on a substantial economical basis is probably preferable to a regulation on a nominal basis, which could be said to characterise the protection of the restricted equity.}},
  author       = {{Paulson, Alexander}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Kapitalskydd som borgenärsskydd i aktiebolagsrätten}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}