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Vård som inte kan anstå – En analys av begreppet i förhållande till Sveriges internationella åtaganden om hälso- och sjukvård för papperslösa

Odd, Julia LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
People staying in Sweden without permit – undocumented migrants – have, according to the Act (2013:407) on health care for certain foreigners who are staying in Sweden without necessary permits, a right to receive limited health care. Among other things, Swedish regions must offer this group “care that cannot be deferred”. This wording has been criticized by medical professionals, organizations, and authorities for being difficult to define and colliding with the professional ethical requirements of health care personnel to work for good care on equal terms for all.

The purpose of the essay is therefore to analyze the concept of “care that cannot be deferred” and to examine how the regulation relates to Sweden’s international... (More)
People staying in Sweden without permit – undocumented migrants – have, according to the Act (2013:407) on health care for certain foreigners who are staying in Sweden without necessary permits, a right to receive limited health care. Among other things, Swedish regions must offer this group “care that cannot be deferred”. This wording has been criticized by medical professionals, organizations, and authorities for being difficult to define and colliding with the professional ethical requirements of health care personnel to work for good care on equal terms for all.

The purpose of the essay is therefore to analyze the concept of “care that cannot be deferred” and to examine how the regulation relates to Sweden’s international commitments regarding human rights law. The questions about which care is covered by the concept of “care that cannot be deferred” and what right to health and medical care undocumented adults must be assured according to international human rights conventions, are answered by using a legal dogmatic method. An empirical method is then used to examine all the Swedish regions’ guidelines regarding the assessment of “care that cannot be deferred”. The regions’ approach is finally analyzed in relation to the requirements that can be placed on healthcare for undocumented migrants according to the national and international law presented earlier in the essay.

The concept of “care that cannot be deferred” originally referred only to care for asylum-seeking migrants but came, through Act (2013:407), to also refer to undocumented migrants. This, among other things, to better fulfill Sweden’s international commitments. The care to be offered is, according to the preparatory work and authorities’ statements, not limited to emergency medical care, but also includes follow-up interventions, aids, and certain preventive treatment. The final assessment of which care is included in “care that cannot be deferred” is always placed upon the individual treating doctor. The essay’s analysis presents both pros and cons of this legislative solution.

Although the right to health is a socio-economic right, its minimum level is also affected by some fundamental civil rights. Both the UN and the Council of Europe’s committees have stated that all people, regardless of irregular status, have an immediate right to healthcare if the right to life or the prohibition of torture is compromised. It is not possible to give more concrete examples of when the right to health has been violated, since it depends on both medical and social factors, including the patient’s age, economic resources, and gender. In summary, however, as a minimum level according to international human rights law, undocumented persons must be guaranteed health care that prevents serious threats to basic human rights. This care must not only refer to urgent medical care but must also extend to more general primary care. The essay concludes that Sweden’s concept of “care that cannot be deferred” meets the international minimum requirements.

Finally, the regions’ replies to the empirical survey are presented and analyzed. These show that the care offered complies with national and international requirements. There is however room for improvement. Not all regions have established guidelines for the assessment of “care that cannot be deferred”, which could otherwise facilitate the fulfillment of the principles of legality and objectivity in public law. National law does not oblige the regions to actively work to spread knowledge about care for undocumented migrants among the healthcare staff, but the state must, according to its international commitments, constantly work for everyone’s right and access to the best possible health in practice. Active measures are therefore highlighted in the essay as a way to meet this state requirement. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Personer som vistas i Sverige utan tillstånd, papperslösa, har enligt lag (2013:407) om hälso- och sjukvård till vissa utlänningar som vistas i Sverige utan nödvändiga tillstånd, rätt att erhålla en begränsad hälso- och sjukvård. Bland annat ska regioner erbjuda gruppen ”vård som inte kan anstå”. Begreppet har av yrkesverksamma, frivilligorganisationer och myndigheter kritiserats för att vara svårdefinierat och kollidera med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens yrkesetiska krav att verka för en god vård på lika villkor.

Uppsatsens syfte är därför att analysera begreppet ”vård som inte kan anstå” samt undersöka hur regleringen förhåller sig till Sveriges internationella åtaganden avseende mänskliga rättigheter. Frågorna om vilken vård som... (More)
Personer som vistas i Sverige utan tillstånd, papperslösa, har enligt lag (2013:407) om hälso- och sjukvård till vissa utlänningar som vistas i Sverige utan nödvändiga tillstånd, rätt att erhålla en begränsad hälso- och sjukvård. Bland annat ska regioner erbjuda gruppen ”vård som inte kan anstå”. Begreppet har av yrkesverksamma, frivilligorganisationer och myndigheter kritiserats för att vara svårdefinierat och kollidera med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens yrkesetiska krav att verka för en god vård på lika villkor.

Uppsatsens syfte är därför att analysera begreppet ”vård som inte kan anstå” samt undersöka hur regleringen förhåller sig till Sveriges internationella åtaganden avseende mänskliga rättigheter. Frågorna om vilken vård som omfattas av begreppet ”vård som inte kan anstå” och vilken rätt till hälso- och sjukvård vuxna papperslösa ska tillförsäkras enligt internationella konventioner om mänskliga rättigheter, besvaras genom användandet av en rättsdogmatisk metod. En empirisk metod används sedan för att undersöka samtliga av Sveriges regioners riktlinjer avseende bedömningen av ”vård som inte kan anstå”. Regionernas tillvägagångssätt analyseras slutligen i förhållande till de krav som kan ställas på hälso- och sjukvård för papperslösa enligt den nationella och internationella rätt som presenterats tidigare i uppsatsen.

Begreppet ”vård som inte kan anstå” avsåg ursprungligen enbart vård för asylsökande, men kom genom lag (2013:407) att avse även papperslösa. Detta bland annat för att bättre uppfylla Sveriges internationella åtaganden. Vården som ska erbjudas är enligt förarbeten och myndighetsuttalanden inte begränsad till akutsjukvård, utan omfattar även följdinsatser, hjälpmedel och viss förebyggande behandling. Den slutliga bedömningen av vilken vård som inkluderas i ”vård som inte kan anstå” faller alltid på den enskilda behandlande läkaren. Uppsatsens analys presenterar både för- och nackdelar med denna utformning av lagstiftningen.

Trots att rätten till hälsa är en socioekonomisk rättighet, påverkas dess miniminivå också av en del grundläggande civila rättigheter. Både FN:s och Europarådets kommittéer har konstaterat att alla människor, oavsett juridisk status, omedelbart har rätt till hälso- och sjukvård om rätten till liv eller förbudet mot tortyr äventyras. Det går inte att ge mer konkreta exempel på när rätten till hälsa kränkts, eftersom det är beroende av både medicinska och sociala faktorer hos den enskilde, däribland patientens ålder, ekonomi och kön. Sammanfattningsvis ska papperslösa som miniminivå enligt internationell rätt garanteras hälso- och sjukvård som förhindrar allvarligt hot mot grundläggande mänskliga rättigheter. Denna vård får inte avse enbart akut-sjuk¬vård utan ska även sträcka sig till mer allmän primärvård. Uppsatsen konstaterar att Sveriges begrepp ”vård som inte kan anstå” uppfyller de minimikrav som ställs.

Avslutningsvis presenteras och analyseras regioners svar på den empiriska enkätundersökningen. Denna visar att vården som erbjuds överensstämmer med nationella och internationella krav. Det finns emellertid utrymme för förbättringar. Inte alla regioner har upprättat riktlinjer för bedömningen av ”vård som inte kan anstå”, vilket annars skulle underlätta uppfyllandet av de offentligrättsliga legalitets- och objektivitetsprinciperna. Nationell rätt ålägger inte regionerna att arbeta aktivt för att sprida kunskap om vård för papperslösa bland vårdpersonalen, men staten måste enligt sina internationella åtaganden ständigt arbeta för allas rätt och tillgång till bästa möjliga hälsa i praktiken. Aktiva åtgärder belyses därför i uppsatsen som ett sätt att möta detta statliga krav. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Odd, Julia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Care That Cannot Be Deferred – An analysis of the concept in relation to Sweden's international commitments on healthcare for undocumented migrants
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Rättsvetenskap, migrationsrätt, offentlig rätt, hälso- och sjukvård, papperslösa
language
Swedish
id
9142867
date added to LUP
2024-01-18 12:11:01
date last changed
2024-01-18 12:11:01
@misc{9142867,
  abstract     = {{People staying in Sweden without permit – undocumented migrants – have, according to the Act (2013:407) on health care for certain foreigners who are staying in Sweden without necessary permits, a right to receive limited health care. Among other things, Swedish regions must offer this group “care that cannot be deferred”. This wording has been criticized by medical professionals, organizations, and authorities for being difficult to define and colliding with the professional ethical requirements of health care personnel to work for good care on equal terms for all.

The purpose of the essay is therefore to analyze the concept of “care that cannot be deferred” and to examine how the regulation relates to Sweden’s international commitments regarding human rights law. The questions about which care is covered by the concept of “care that cannot be deferred” and what right to health and medical care undocumented adults must be assured according to international human rights conventions, are answered by using a legal dogmatic method. An empirical method is then used to examine all the Swedish regions’ guidelines regarding the assessment of “care that cannot be deferred”. The regions’ approach is finally analyzed in relation to the requirements that can be placed on healthcare for undocumented migrants according to the national and international law presented earlier in the essay.

The concept of “care that cannot be deferred” originally referred only to care for asylum-seeking migrants but came, through Act (2013:407), to also refer to undocumented migrants. This, among other things, to better fulfill Sweden’s international commitments. The care to be offered is, according to the preparatory work and authorities’ statements, not limited to emergency medical care, but also includes follow-up interventions, aids, and certain preventive treatment. The final assessment of which care is included in “care that cannot be deferred” is always placed upon the individual treating doctor. The essay’s analysis presents both pros and cons of this legislative solution.

Although the right to health is a socio-economic right, its minimum level is also affected by some fundamental civil rights. Both the UN and the Council of Europe’s committees have stated that all people, regardless of irregular status, have an immediate right to healthcare if the right to life or the prohibition of torture is compromised. It is not possible to give more concrete examples of when the right to health has been violated, since it depends on both medical and social factors, including the patient’s age, economic resources, and gender. In summary, however, as a minimum level according to international human rights law, undocumented persons must be guaranteed health care that prevents serious threats to basic human rights. This care must not only refer to urgent medical care but must also extend to more general primary care. The essay concludes that Sweden’s concept of “care that cannot be deferred” meets the international minimum requirements.

Finally, the regions’ replies to the empirical survey are presented and analyzed. These show that the care offered complies with national and international requirements. There is however room for improvement. Not all regions have established guidelines for the assessment of “care that cannot be deferred”, which could otherwise facilitate the fulfillment of the principles of legality and objectivity in public law. National law does not oblige the regions to actively work to spread knowledge about care for undocumented migrants among the healthcare staff, but the state must, according to its international commitments, constantly work for everyone’s right and access to the best possible health in practice. Active measures are therefore highlighted in the essay as a way to meet this state requirement.}},
  author       = {{Odd, Julia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vård som inte kan anstå – En analys av begreppet i förhållande till Sveriges internationella åtaganden om hälso- och sjukvård för papperslösa}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}