Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Lojalitetsplikten vid företagsförvärv - Lojalitetspliktens innebörd under förvärvsprocessens olika faser

Net, Samuel LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Lojalitetspliktens betydelse inom svensk förmögenhetsrätt har successivt ökat sedan mitten av 1900-talet. Tidigare präglades svensk avtalsrätt av en restriktiv syn på förpliktelser som inte uttryckligen följde av avtalet, avtalet sågs som ett medel att i eget intresse realisera sina mål, tillskillnad från dagens uppfattning där avtalet ingås för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål.
Lojalitetsplikten utgör idag en allmän avtalsrättslig princip, vilket resulterar i att den inverkar på alla typer av avtal. Under 2000-talet har HD i en allt större omfattning inkluderat lojalitetsresonemang i sina domskäl. I det s.k. Omsättningsmålet från 2021 hänvisade HD för första gången även direkt till en lojalitetsplikt. En generell definition av... (More)
Lojalitetspliktens betydelse inom svensk förmögenhetsrätt har successivt ökat sedan mitten av 1900-talet. Tidigare präglades svensk avtalsrätt av en restriktiv syn på förpliktelser som inte uttryckligen följde av avtalet, avtalet sågs som ett medel att i eget intresse realisera sina mål, tillskillnad från dagens uppfattning där avtalet ingås för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål.
Lojalitetsplikten utgör idag en allmän avtalsrättslig princip, vilket resulterar i att den inverkar på alla typer av avtal. Under 2000-talet har HD i en allt större omfattning inkluderat lojalitetsresonemang i sina domskäl. I det s.k. Omsättningsmålet från 2021 hänvisade HD för första gången även direkt till en lojalitetsplikt. En generell definition av lojalitetsplikten kan sägas vara att den innebär en skyldighet för en avtalspart att beakta och främja motpartens intressen. En sådan vag och oprecis definition ger däremot inte tillräcklig vägledning för att förstå dess konkreta innebörd. Lojalitetspliktens omfattning och innebörd klarnar istället när den placeras i sitt sammanhang inom ett specifikt avtalsförhållande. Lojalitetspliktens svävande innebörd kan anses vara ett naturligt resultat av dess inneboende flexibilitets- och korrigeringsfunktion, vilket möjliggör att uppnå ett rimligt resultat utifrån den särskilda avtalstypen, partsställningen, parternas förväntningar och övriga omständigheter i det enskilda avtalsförhållandet.
Idag råder en osäkerhet angående tidpunkten för lojalitetspliktens uppkomst samt dess omfattning och betydelse vid företagsförvärv. I denna uppsats avser termen företagsförvärv att det sker en överlåtelse av ett företags aktier. Ett företagsförvärv inrymmer flertalet riskfaktorer som avtalsparterna behöver beakta, och processen är vanligtvis både tids- och kostnadskrävande. En förvärvsprocess skiljer sig ofta åt och praxis på området är relativt begränsat, något som leder till att en viss osäkerhet kring lojalitetspliktens inverkan på processen.
Genom denna uppsats har det framkommit att lojalitetsplikten är närvarande med varierande styrka under hela förvärvsprocessen. Detta kan resultera i flertalet förpliktelser grundade i lojalitetshänsyn, såsom medverkansplikt, vårdplikt eller upplysnings- och undersökningsplikt. En lojalitetsplikt kan anses existera redan på det prekontraktuella stadiet, förutsatt att avtalsförhandlingarna blivit tillräckligt individualiserade och konkretiserande. I den inledande förhandlingsfasen, när varken överlåtelseavtal eller andra upprättande förhandlingsavtal finns, kan behovet av en lojalitetsplikt anses vara som mest påtaglig. Behovet av en stark lojalitetsplikt under de inledande förhandlingarna står dock inte i proportion till dess faktiska styrka, något som får anses vara ett resultat av den negativa kontraheringsfriheten som utgör en grundläggande princip inom svensk avtalsrätt. Genom signing av aktieöverlåtelseavtalet stärks lojalitetsplikten samtidigt som dess betydelse för förvärvsprocessen minskar, eftersom avtalsparterna har ett avtal som grund för sina åtaganden. Lojalitetsplikten har dock fortsatt relevans även på det kontraktuella stadiet, i den mening att den bildar handlingsnormer för hur parterna bör agera efter signing av överlåtelseavtalet för att framgångsrikt lyckas genomföra överlåtelsen. (Less)
Abstract
The importance of the duty of loyalty in Swedish property law has gradually increased since the middle of the 20th century. Previously, Swedish contract law was characterized by a restrictive view of obligations that did not explicitly follow from the agreement, the agreement was seen as a means to realize one's goals in one's own interest, differing from today's view where the agreement is entered into in order to achieve a common goal.

The duty of loyalty is today a general principle of contract law, which results in it affecting all types of contracts. During the 21st century, HD has increasingly included loyalty reasoning in its sentencing reasons. In the so-called Omsättningsmålet from 2021 HD also referred directly to a duty of... (More)
The importance of the duty of loyalty in Swedish property law has gradually increased since the middle of the 20th century. Previously, Swedish contract law was characterized by a restrictive view of obligations that did not explicitly follow from the agreement, the agreement was seen as a means to realize one's goals in one's own interest, differing from today's view where the agreement is entered into in order to achieve a common goal.

The duty of loyalty is today a general principle of contract law, which results in it affecting all types of contracts. During the 21st century, HD has increasingly included loyalty reasoning in its sentencing reasons. In the so-called Omsättningsmålet from 2021 HD also referred directly to a duty of loyalty for the first time. A general definition of the duty of loyalty can be said to be that it entails an obligation for a contractual party to consider and promote the interests of the other party. However, such a vague and imprecise definition does not provide sufficient guidance to understand its concrete meaning. The extent and meaning of the duty of loyalty becomes clearer when it is placed in context within a specific contractual relationship. The floating meaning of the duty of loyalty can be considered a natural result of its inherent flexibility and correctional function, which makes it possible to achieve a reasonable result based on the particular type of contract, the position of the parties, the expectations of the parties and other circumstances in the individual contractual relationship.

Today there is uncertainty regarding the timing of the emergence of the duty of loyalty as well as its scope and importance in the case of business acquisitions. In this essay, the term corporate acquisition refers to the transfer of a company's shares. A business acquisition contains several risk factors that the contracting parties need to consider, and the process is usually both time- and cost-consuming. An acquisition process often differs and custom in the area is relatively limited, which leads to a certain uncertainty about the impact of the duty of loyalty on the process.


Through this essay, it has emerged that the duty of loyalty is present with varying strength throughout the acquisition process. This can result in numerous obligations based on loyalty considerations, such as the duty to participate, the duty of care or the duty to inform and investigate. A duty of loyalty can be considered to exist already at the pre-contractual stage, provided that the contractual negotiations have become sufficiently individualized and concretized. In the initial negotiation phase, when neither a transfer agreement nor other establishing negotiation agreements exist, the need for a duty of loyalty can be considered to be most apparent. However, the need for a strong duty of loyalty during the initial negotiations is not in proportion to its actual strength, something that may be considered a result of the negative freedom of contract which is a fundamental principle in Swedish contract law. By signing the share transfer agreement, the duty of loyalty is strengthened while its importance for the acquisition process is reduced, since the contracting parties have an agreement as the basis for their commitments. However, the duty of loyalty continues to be relevant even at the contractual stage, in the sense that it forms norms of action for how the parties should act after signing the transfer agreement in order to successfully complete the transfer. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Net, Samuel LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The Duty of Loyalty in Corporate Acquisitions - The Significance of the Duty of Loyalty Throughout the Different Phases of the Acquisition Process
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, avtalsrätt, lojalitetsplikten, lojalitetsprincipen, företagsöverlåtelser, företagsförvärv, Law and Political Science
language
Swedish
id
9142910
date added to LUP
2024-01-18 14:31:01
date last changed
2024-01-18 14:31:01
@misc{9142910,
  abstract     = {{The importance of the duty of loyalty in Swedish property law has gradually increased since the middle of the 20th century. Previously, Swedish contract law was characterized by a restrictive view of obligations that did not explicitly follow from the agreement, the agreement was seen as a means to realize one's goals in one's own interest, differing from today's view where the agreement is entered into in order to achieve a common goal.

The duty of loyalty is today a general principle of contract law, which results in it affecting all types of contracts. During the 21st century, HD has increasingly included loyalty reasoning in its sentencing reasons. In the so-called Omsättningsmålet from 2021 HD also referred directly to a duty of loyalty for the first time. A general definition of the duty of loyalty can be said to be that it entails an obligation for a contractual party to consider and promote the interests of the other party. However, such a vague and imprecise definition does not provide sufficient guidance to understand its concrete meaning. The extent and meaning of the duty of loyalty becomes clearer when it is placed in context within a specific contractual relationship. The floating meaning of the duty of loyalty can be considered a natural result of its inherent flexibility and correctional function, which makes it possible to achieve a reasonable result based on the particular type of contract, the position of the parties, the expectations of the parties and other circumstances in the individual contractual relationship.

Today there is uncertainty regarding the timing of the emergence of the duty of loyalty as well as its scope and importance in the case of business acquisitions. In this essay, the term corporate acquisition refers to the transfer of a company's shares. A business acquisition contains several risk factors that the contracting parties need to consider, and the process is usually both time- and cost-consuming. An acquisition process often differs and custom in the area is relatively limited, which leads to a certain uncertainty about the impact of the duty of loyalty on the process.


Through this essay, it has emerged that the duty of loyalty is present with varying strength throughout the acquisition process. This can result in numerous obligations based on loyalty considerations, such as the duty to participate, the duty of care or the duty to inform and investigate. A duty of loyalty can be considered to exist already at the pre-contractual stage, provided that the contractual negotiations have become sufficiently individualized and concretized. In the initial negotiation phase, when neither a transfer agreement nor other establishing negotiation agreements exist, the need for a duty of loyalty can be considered to be most apparent. However, the need for a strong duty of loyalty during the initial negotiations is not in proportion to its actual strength, something that may be considered a result of the negative freedom of contract which is a fundamental principle in Swedish contract law. By signing the share transfer agreement, the duty of loyalty is strengthened while its importance for the acquisition process is reduced, since the contracting parties have an agreement as the basis for their commitments. However, the duty of loyalty continues to be relevant even at the contractual stage, in the sense that it forms norms of action for how the parties should act after signing the transfer agreement in order to successfully complete the transfer.}},
  author       = {{Net, Samuel}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Lojalitetsplikten vid företagsförvärv - Lojalitetspliktens innebörd under förvärvsprocessens olika faser}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}