Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Exchanges of shares and Sweden’s right to tax - An examination of the Swedish exchange of share mechanism for individuals, and its compliance with the Tax Merger Directive

Lincoln, Sam LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den här uppsatsen undersöker den svenska implementeringen av andelsbytesmekanismen för privatpersoner, som återfinns i artikel 8 i Fusions-Direktivet, hädanefter FD. Uppsatsen undersöker även hur Sverige har valt att skydda sin beskattningsrätt när aktieägaren emigrerar till en annan EU MS medan hen äger aktier erhållna via ett andelsbyte. Syftet bakom undersökningen är att
utreda huruvida om den svenska implementeringen, givet de nyare rättsfallen
från CJEU Jacob/Lassus och AQ/DN, är i linje med FD. Undersökningen utgår ifrån fem olika illustrerade scenarion med gränsöverskridande transaktioner.

FD harmoniserar de omedelbara beskattningskonsekvenserna av en omstrukturering, hur MS allokerar sina beskattningsregler harmoniseras dock... (More)
Den här uppsatsen undersöker den svenska implementeringen av andelsbytesmekanismen för privatpersoner, som återfinns i artikel 8 i Fusions-Direktivet, hädanefter FD. Uppsatsen undersöker även hur Sverige har valt att skydda sin beskattningsrätt när aktieägaren emigrerar till en annan EU MS medan hen äger aktier erhållna via ett andelsbyte. Syftet bakom undersökningen är att
utreda huruvida om den svenska implementeringen, givet de nyare rättsfallen
från CJEU Jacob/Lassus och AQ/DN, är i linje med FD. Undersökningen utgår ifrån fem olika illustrerade scenarion med gränsöverskridande transaktioner.

FD harmoniserar de omedelbara beskattningskonsekvenserna av en omstrukturering, hur MS allokerar sina beskattningsregler harmoniseras dock inte av direktivet. Behandlingen av emigrerande aktieägare regleras således inte av artikel 8. Medans MS har ett visst handlingsutrymme när de själva reglerar detta så får de inte välja en ordning som går emot FD:s underliggande syfte. CJEU har i två fall. C-503/14 Commissionen v. Portugal och Jacob/Lassus, förtydligat hur aktier som genomgått ett andelsbyte får utflyttningsbeskattas.

Den svenska implementationen av artikel 8 erbjuder, via regler om kontant
betalning och ISK-systemet, en beskattning som kan vara mer gynnsam för
aktieägaren än den som är tvingande i FD. Dessa regler kan dock i vissa fall
vara mindre gynnsamma än de tvingande reglerna i FD. Då aktieägaren relativt enkelt kan välja mellan vilken regel som gynnar hen bäst så är implementeringen dock i linje med FD.

Rättsfallet AQ/DN gör det dock osäkert om de svenska reglerna om vilka
regler som ska appliceras på den slutgiltiga realiserade vinsten är i linje med
direktivet. Både förarbetena till den svenska implementeringen samt rättsfallet HFD 2021 ref 15 från den svenska Högsta Förvaltningsdomstolen klargör
att det är reglerna som är gällande vid andelsbytet som ska gälla för den senare
realiserade vinsten. En gemensam läsning av AQ/DN och Jacob/Lassus förtydligar dock att det är de regler som är i bruk vid det beskattningsutlösande
momentet som styr beskattningen och att andelsbytet i sig själv inte utgör det
beskattningsutlösande momentet. Tidpunkten för den slutgiltiga realiseringen
borde därför diktera vilka beskattningsregler som är applicerbara.

Den svenska metoden av utflyttningsbeskattning är samma för aktier som genomgått ett andelsbyte eller inte, och utgörs av en utökad skattskyldighet.
Praxis från CJEU indikerar att det är MS implementering av artikel 8(6) som
blir den avgörande faktorn för vilket utflyttningsbeskattningssystem som får
användas. Om MS förlorar sin beskattningsrätt när aktieägaren emigrerar så
är utflyttningsbeskattningen från NGI applicerbar. Jacob/Lassus tillåter dock
även att MS använder sig av en utökad skattskyldighet för den orealiserade
vinsten.

När aktier som genomgått ett andelsbyte är inblandade i en emigration så uppstår tre olika orealiserade vinster. (a) är den orealiserade vinsten mellan införskaffandet och andelsbytet, (b) är den orealiserade vinsten mellan andelsbytet och emigrationen, och (c) är den orealiserade vinsten mellan emigrationen och den slutgiltiga försäljningen. Praxis från CJEU verkar indikera att (a) och (b) får behandlas lika gällande utflyttningsbeskattning men att samma regler måste appliceras på båda.

Sverige behandlar alla tre orealiserade vinster på samma sätt via den utökade
beskattningen, det beskattningsutlösande momentet är därför realiseringen av
(c). Reglerna som är i bruk vid den tidpunkten borde därför användas för beskattningen av alla de orealiserade vinsterna. Givet HFD 2021 ref 15 så verkar
Sverige inte följa denna ordning vilket leder till möjligheten att aktieägare får
en mindre gynnsam behandling än de tvingande reglerna i FD.

Bortsett från problemet med vilka regler som är applicerbara vid den slutgiltiga realiseringen så är den svenska utflyttningsbeskattningen i linje med FD. Det är dock bortom syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka om den utökade beskattningen som Sverige använder sig av är i linje med de regler, utsatta av CJEU i Van Hilten, som reglerar sådan beskattning. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines the Swedish implementation of the exchange of shares mechanism for individuals, found in article 8 of the Tax Merger Directive, henceforth TMD, and how Sweden has chosen to safeguard its taxation right when the shareholder holding exchanged shares emigrates to another EU MS. The purpose behind this is to examine if the Swedish im-plementation, given the more recent case-law from the CJEU Jacob/Lassus and AQ/DN, is in line with the TMD. In order examine this, five different cross border scenarios are used to illustrate the movement of shares.
Whilst the TMD harmonize the immediate tax treatment of a restructuring it does not harmonize the allocation of taxing powers, the treatment for emigrating shareholders is... (More)
This thesis examines the Swedish implementation of the exchange of shares mechanism for individuals, found in article 8 of the Tax Merger Directive, henceforth TMD, and how Sweden has chosen to safeguard its taxation right when the shareholder holding exchanged shares emigrates to another EU MS. The purpose behind this is to examine if the Swedish im-plementation, given the more recent case-law from the CJEU Jacob/Lassus and AQ/DN, is in line with the TMD. In order examine this, five different cross border scenarios are used to illustrate the movement of shares.
Whilst the TMD harmonize the immediate tax treatment of a restructuring it does not harmonize the allocation of taxing powers, the treatment for emigrating shareholders is therefore not governed by article 8. Whilst the MS is given some leeway concerning this it can not chose an order that goes against the purpose of the TMD. The CJEU have in two cases, C-503/14 Commission v. Portugal, and the joined cases Jacob/Lassus, brought clarification on how exchanged share are allowed to be treated for exit taxation purposes.
The Swedish implementation of article 8 offers, concerning cash payments and ISK-regimes, tax treatment that can be more beneficial than that found in article 8, it can however in some situations be to the shareholders detri-ment. Seeing as the shareholder quite easily can chose what best benefits him in each situation this implementation is in line with the TMD.
However, the joined cases AQ/DN, makes the Swedish rules concerning what rules apply at the moment of later transfer questionable. Both the preparatory works for Swedish implementation and the case HFD 2021 ref.15 from the Swedish court confirm that the applicable rules, for Swe-dish taxation, are the once at the moment of exchange. AQ/DN read togeth-er with Jacob/Lassus however state that the applicable rules are the once in force at the chargeable moment and that the moment of exchange is not the chargeable moment. The moment of later transfer should therefore dictate the applicable tax rules.
The Swedish approach to exit taxation is the same for both exchanged shares and original shares and works as a trailing tax. The case-law from the CJEU seems to indicate that the MS implementation of article 8(6) becomes the deciding factor for what exit taxation regime that is available to it. If the MS loses its taxing right upon emigration an NGI form of taxa-tion is allowed, Jacob/Lassus allows for such a trailing tax to be applied to the unrealised gain stemming from an exchange of shares.
When exchanged shares are involved in emigrations three different unreal-ised gains are created. (a) the unrealised gain from the moment of acquisi-tion to the exchange, (b) the unrealised gain between the moment of ex-change and the moment of emigration, and (c) the unrealised gain between the moment of emigration and later transfer. The case-law from the CJEU seem to indicate that gains (a) and (b) are allowed to be treated the same for exit tax purposes, but that the same regime must apply to both.
Sweden treats all the unrealised gains in the same way via a trailing tax, the later chargeable event is therefore that found in the realisation of (c). The rules applicable at that moment should therefore govern the taxation of all the realised gains. Given HFD 2021 ref 15, Sweden does not follow this order, leading to the possibility of a tax rule to the detriment of the taxpayer in a way not allowed by the TMD.
Aside from the problem of applicable rules the Swedish exit taxation re-gime is in compliance with the TMD. It is however beyond the scope of this thesis if the Swedish trailing tax also conforms to the rules for trailing taxes established in Van Hilten. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lincoln, Sam LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, Skatterätt
language
English
id
9143315
date added to LUP
2024-01-20 13:41:04
date last changed
2024-01-20 13:41:04
@misc{9143315,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines the Swedish implementation of the exchange of shares mechanism for individuals, found in article 8 of the Tax Merger Directive, henceforth TMD, and how Sweden has chosen to safeguard its taxation right when the shareholder holding exchanged shares emigrates to another EU MS. The purpose behind this is to examine if the Swedish im-plementation, given the more recent case-law from the CJEU Jacob/Lassus and AQ/DN, is in line with the TMD. In order examine this, five different cross border scenarios are used to illustrate the movement of shares. 
Whilst the TMD harmonize the immediate tax treatment of a restructuring it does not harmonize the allocation of taxing powers, the treatment for emigrating shareholders is therefore not governed by article 8. Whilst the MS is given some leeway concerning this it can not chose an order that goes against the purpose of the TMD. The CJEU have in two cases, C-503/14 Commission v. Portugal, and the joined cases Jacob/Lassus, brought clarification on how exchanged share are allowed to be treated for exit taxation purposes. 
The Swedish implementation of article 8 offers, concerning cash payments and ISK-regimes, tax treatment that can be more beneficial than that found in article 8, it can however in some situations be to the shareholders detri-ment. Seeing as the shareholder quite easily can chose what best benefits him in each situation this implementation is in line with the TMD. 
However, the joined cases AQ/DN, makes the Swedish rules concerning what rules apply at the moment of later transfer questionable. Both the preparatory works for Swedish implementation and the case HFD 2021 ref.15 from the Swedish court confirm that the applicable rules, for Swe-dish taxation, are the once at the moment of exchange. AQ/DN read togeth-er with Jacob/Lassus however state that the applicable rules are the once in force at the chargeable moment and that the moment of exchange is not the chargeable moment. The moment of later transfer should therefore dictate the applicable tax rules. 
The Swedish approach to exit taxation is the same for both exchanged shares and original shares and works as a trailing tax. The case-law from the CJEU seems to indicate that the MS implementation of article 8(6) becomes the deciding factor for what exit taxation regime that is available to it. If the MS loses its taxing right upon emigration an NGI form of taxa-tion is allowed, Jacob/Lassus allows for such a trailing tax to be applied to the unrealised gain stemming from an exchange of shares. 
When exchanged shares are involved in emigrations three different unreal-ised gains are created. (a) the unrealised gain from the moment of acquisi-tion to the exchange, (b) the unrealised gain between the moment of ex-change and the moment of emigration, and (c) the unrealised gain between the moment of emigration and later transfer. The case-law from the CJEU seem to indicate that gains (a) and (b) are allowed to be treated the same for exit tax purposes, but that the same regime must apply to both. 
Sweden treats all the unrealised gains in the same way via a trailing tax, the later chargeable event is therefore that found in the realisation of (c). The rules applicable at that moment should therefore govern the taxation of all the realised gains. Given HFD 2021 ref 15, Sweden does not follow this order, leading to the possibility of a tax rule to the detriment of the taxpayer in a way not allowed by the TMD.
Aside from the problem of applicable rules the Swedish exit taxation re-gime is in compliance with the TMD. It is however beyond the scope of this thesis if the Swedish trailing tax also conforms to the rules for trailing taxes established in Van Hilten.}},
  author       = {{Lincoln, Sam}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Exchanges of shares and Sweden’s right to tax - An examination of the Swedish exchange of share mechanism for individuals, and its compliance with the Tax Merger Directive}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}