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Omedveten oaktsamhet i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt

Wentz-Lovén, Moa LU (2023) JURM02 20232
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan den 1 juli 2018 bygger våldtäktslagstiftningen i Sverige på frivillig-het, eller samtycke, som det kallas i både facklitteratur och populärkultur. Detta innebär att det som numera ligger i fokus är gärningsmannens uppsåt till det faktum att den andra personen inte deltar frivilligt i en sexuell handling. En annan förändring som gjordes vid införandet av den nya lag-stiftningen var att våldtäktslagstiftningen utvidgades med brottet oaktsam våldtäkt vilket omfattar att en gärningsman varit oaktsam inför det förhål-lande att den andra personen inte deltar frivilligt i sexuella handlingar.
I förarbetena till lagstiftningen uttalar lagstiftaren att det är grov oaktsam-het som ska träffas av bestämmelsen och att en medveten oaktsamhet... (More)
Sedan den 1 juli 2018 bygger våldtäktslagstiftningen i Sverige på frivillig-het, eller samtycke, som det kallas i både facklitteratur och populärkultur. Detta innebär att det som numera ligger i fokus är gärningsmannens uppsåt till det faktum att den andra personen inte deltar frivilligt i en sexuell handling. En annan förändring som gjordes vid införandet av den nya lag-stiftningen var att våldtäktslagstiftningen utvidgades med brottet oaktsam våldtäkt vilket omfattar att en gärningsman varit oaktsam inför det förhål-lande att den andra personen inte deltar frivilligt i sexuella handlingar.
I förarbetena till lagstiftningen uttalar lagstiftaren att det är grov oaktsam-het som ska träffas av bestämmelsen och att en medveten oaktsamhet som huvudregel är att betrakta som grov. Men lagstiftaren menar utöver detta att en klart straffvärd omedveten oaktsamhet också kan leda till straffan-svar. Det vill säga de fall då en gärningsman borde ha säkerställt att den andra personen deltar frivilligt i de sexuella handlingarna samt att denne också kunde ha gjort något för att komma till klarhet.
Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda vilka omständigheter och/eller förut-sättningar svenska domstolar fokuserar på vid bedömningen av om en omedveten oaktsamhet föreligger och vid bedömningen av graden av oakt-samhet.
Uppsatsen inleds med en kortare återblick på de viktigaste reformerna som skett inom våldtäktslagstiftningen sedan brottsbalkens införande 1965. För att uppnå mitt syfte med uppsatsen följer nedslag i för domstolarna rele-vant lagstiftning. Kortfattat redogörs för brottsbalkens reglering av våld-täkt respektive oaktsam våldtäkt samt de kriterier som ska vara uppfyllda. Vidare redogörs för hur lagstiftaren valt att se på medveten respektive omedveten oaktsamhet och vad som utgör grov sådan.
I våldtäktsmål ställs domarna ofta inför bevissvårigheter, det saknas inte sällan direkta vittnesiakttagelser och teknisk bevisning, vilket gör att par-ternas uppgifter kommer att ligga till grund för domstolarnas bedömning. För att bedöma dessa utsagor tar domstolarna hjälp av vissa, av Högsta domstolen utpekade, kriterier för vad som utgör en trovärdig och tillförlit-lig berättelse. Om dessa kriterier, den fria bevisprövningen och så kallad stödbevisning handlar kapitel tre.
Därefter redogörs för rättstillämpningen av omedveten oaktsamhet i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt. Denna del inleds med en ytterst kort återgivning av de för denna uppsats viktigaste slutsatser som Brottsförebyggande rådet, i sin rapport från 2020, kom fram till gällande den nya samtyckeslagstift-ningen. Vidare följer kortare referat av, samt kommentarer till de för denna uppsats utvalda rättsfallen. Inledningsvis redogörs för de två prejudice-rande fallen från Högsta domstolen som rör frågan om oaktsam våldtäkt och därefter följer referat och kommentarer till de tolv utvalda hovrättsfal-len.
Analysen leder fram till slutsatsen att det generellt sett råder enhetlighet kring vilka omständigheter som kan påverka bedömningen av graden av den omedvetna oaktsamheten. De bedömningar som gjorts står i alla fall inte i strid med varandra. I tre av de fyra hovrättsavgöranden, rörande omedveten oaktsamhet, som kommit efter Högsta domstolens senaste dom har alla frikänt den tilltalade med bedömningen att hans omedvetna oakt-samhet inte varit klart/påfallande klandervärd. Det är dock för tidigt att var gränsen går mellan en omedveten oaktsamhet av normalgraden går. (Less)
Abstract
In 2018, Sweden passed a new law regarding rape, which is based on the lack of voluntary participation or in other words, consent. This means that it is now the perpetrators intent, regarding that the other person does not participate voluntarily in the sexual act, which lays in the court judgements focus. Another change was that a new offense where passed, negligent rape. Thus, criminal liability for rape does not only come in question in cases of intent, but also in cases of negligence.
In the preparatory work for the new legislation, the legislator points out that what is criminalized in the new offense is gross negligence and that a conscious negligence generally is considered gross. But the legislator also points out that a... (More)
In 2018, Sweden passed a new law regarding rape, which is based on the lack of voluntary participation or in other words, consent. This means that it is now the perpetrators intent, regarding that the other person does not participate voluntarily in the sexual act, which lays in the court judgements focus. Another change was that a new offense where passed, negligent rape. Thus, criminal liability for rape does not only come in question in cases of intent, but also in cases of negligence.
In the preparatory work for the new legislation, the legislator points out that what is criminalized in the new offense is gross negligence and that a conscious negligence generally is considered gross. But the legislator also points out that a perpetrator that makes himself guilty of an unconscious negligence, which is considered gross, can be held to criminal liability. This means cases when a perpetrator should have done something to make sure of the voluntary participation with the other person and that the perpe-trator could have done this something to reach clarity in the matter.
The purpose of this essay is to investigate which circumstances and/or pre-sumptions that Swedish courts focuses on in their assessments of whether an unconscious negligence exists and in the assessment of the grade of negligence.
The essay starts off with a short retrospect of the most important reforms made in Swedish rape legislation since the introduction of the Penal Code in 1965. To reach my purpose with this essay I proceed with a conclusion of legislation relevant to the courts who makes the assessments and judgements in rape cases. Shortly, I elucidate the Penal Code regarding rape and negligent rape together with some of the necessary prerequisites that needs to be fulfilled. Thereafter I investigate the legislators view of conscious and unconscious negligence and what is required to make it gross negligence.
The difficulties regarding evidence that the courts are up to in rape cases, in which there often lacks firsthand witnesses and forensic evidence, are the reason the statement from the parties is making out the foundation of the courts assessments. To assess these statements, the High Court has pointed out criteria which constitutes a reliable and trustworthy statement. Chapter three contains sections about these criteria, about the free evalua-tion of evidence and about the so-called supportive evidence.
After this, the essay continues with the application of the law regarding unconscious negligence in cases about negligent rape. This part of the es-say begins with a noticeably short summary of the most important, as far as the purpose of this essay, conclusions that the Swedish national Counsil for Crime prevention made in its report from 2020, regarding the new law based on consent. Further follows short presentations of the chosen court judgements. First there is a presentation of the two rulings from the Swe-dish High Court which regards the issue of negligent rape, and they are also shortly commented upon, thereafter follows presentations of and comments to the twelve rulings from the courts of appeal regarding uncon-scious negligence in cases about negligent rape.
The essay concludes that there is a general unity in the courts’ assessments regarding which circumstances influence the degree of unconscious negli-gence. At least they are not at odds with each other. Three out of the four decisions from the courts of appeal concerning unconscious negligence that has been made after the Swedish High Courts last judgement, all found the defendant not guilty, making the assessment that his unconscious neg-ligence was not clearly/obviously reprehensible. Though it is too soon to decide where an unconscious negligence of normal degree ends, and a clearly/obviously reprehensible unconscious negligence starts. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wentz-Lovén, Moa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Unconscious Negligence in Court cases Regarding Negligent Rape
course
JURM02 20232
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt
language
Swedish
id
9143470
date added to LUP
2024-01-24 12:36:38
date last changed
2024-01-24 12:36:38
@misc{9143470,
  abstract     = {{In 2018, Sweden passed a new law regarding rape, which is based on the lack of voluntary participation or in other words, consent. This means that it is now the perpetrators intent, regarding that the other person does not participate voluntarily in the sexual act, which lays in the court judgements focus. Another change was that a new offense where passed, negligent rape. Thus, criminal liability for rape does not only come in question in cases of intent, but also in cases of negligence.
In the preparatory work for the new legislation, the legislator points out that what is criminalized in the new offense is gross negligence and that a conscious negligence generally is considered gross. But the legislator also points out that a perpetrator that makes himself guilty of an unconscious negligence, which is considered gross, can be held to criminal liability. This means cases when a perpetrator should have done something to make sure of the voluntary participation with the other person and that the perpe-trator could have done this something to reach clarity in the matter. 
The purpose of this essay is to investigate which circumstances and/or pre-sumptions that Swedish courts focuses on in their assessments of whether an unconscious negligence exists and in the assessment of the grade of negligence.
The essay starts off with a short retrospect of the most important reforms made in Swedish rape legislation since the introduction of the Penal Code in 1965. To reach my purpose with this essay I proceed with a conclusion of legislation relevant to the courts who makes the assessments and judgements in rape cases. Shortly, I elucidate the Penal Code regarding rape and negligent rape together with some of the necessary prerequisites that needs to be fulfilled. Thereafter I investigate the legislators view of conscious and unconscious negligence and what is required to make it gross negligence.
The difficulties regarding evidence that the courts are up to in rape cases, in which there often lacks firsthand witnesses and forensic evidence, are the reason the statement from the parties is making out the foundation of the courts assessments. To assess these statements, the High Court has pointed out criteria which constitutes a reliable and trustworthy statement. Chapter three contains sections about these criteria, about the free evalua-tion of evidence and about the so-called supportive evidence.
After this, the essay continues with the application of the law regarding unconscious negligence in cases about negligent rape. This part of the es-say begins with a noticeably short summary of the most important, as far as the purpose of this essay, conclusions that the Swedish national Counsil for Crime prevention made in its report from 2020, regarding the new law based on consent. Further follows short presentations of the chosen court judgements. First there is a presentation of the two rulings from the Swe-dish High Court which regards the issue of negligent rape, and they are also shortly commented upon, thereafter follows presentations of and comments to the twelve rulings from the courts of appeal regarding uncon-scious negligence in cases about negligent rape.
The essay concludes that there is a general unity in the courts’ assessments regarding which circumstances influence the degree of unconscious negli-gence. At least they are not at odds with each other. Three out of the four decisions from the courts of appeal concerning unconscious negligence that has been made after the Swedish High Courts last judgement, all found the defendant not guilty, making the assessment that his unconscious neg-ligence was not clearly/obviously reprehensible. Though it is too soon to decide where an unconscious negligence of normal degree ends, and a clearly/obviously reprehensible unconscious negligence starts.}},
  author       = {{Wentz-Lovén, Moa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Omedveten oaktsamhet i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}