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Djuridiken bakom djurs lidande – Även om vi kan, bör vi? En rättsstudie om svensk djursförsökslagstiftning rörande xenotransplantation

Fjellström, Karl Hugo LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan de tidiga mänskliga civilisationerna har människan använt djur till diverse ändamål, såsom föda, kläder och arbetsredskap. I takt med människans tekniska framsteg har djur börjat användas som testsubjekt, så kallade försöksdjur, för att säkerställa att olika ämnen och behandlingar är säkra. Avseende transplantationskirurgi har djur spelat en avgörande roll i utvecklingen, och det är en reell möjlighet att ytterligare steg tas, i form av xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation innebär transplantation av levande organiskt material från djur till människa, vilket har potentialen att lösa den globala organbristen, bota svåra sjukdomar och stoppa organhandel. Oberoende av dess potential finns dock ett antal risker och utmaningar, bland... (More)
Sedan de tidiga mänskliga civilisationerna har människan använt djur till diverse ändamål, såsom föda, kläder och arbetsredskap. I takt med människans tekniska framsteg har djur börjat användas som testsubjekt, så kallade försöksdjur, för att säkerställa att olika ämnen och behandlingar är säkra. Avseende transplantationskirurgi har djur spelat en avgörande roll i utvecklingen, och det är en reell möjlighet att ytterligare steg tas, i form av xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation innebär transplantation av levande organiskt material från djur till människa, vilket har potentialen att lösa den globala organbristen, bota svåra sjukdomar och stoppa organhandel. Oberoende av dess potential finns dock ett antal risker och utmaningar, bland annat vad avser djurens rättigheter.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån den rättsanalytiska metoden granska hur det svenska djurskyddet har utvecklats fram tills idag, och hur djurförsökslagstiftningen bör förstås i ljuset av djuretik och xenotransplantation. Därutöver undersöks också lidandebegreppet i lagstiftningen, och hur ändamålsenlig den nuvarande ordningen med djurförsöksetiska nämnder egentligen är. I detta utreds framför allt det juridiska perspektivet, med inslag av både medicin och etik.

Den svenska djurförsökslagstiftningen har ett starkt djurskyddsfokus, för att säkerställa att djur inte skadas såvida det inte är absolut nödvändigt och för att visa djur respekt utifrån deras tillerkända egenvärde. Jämfört med tidigare lagstiftning ses djur inte längre som egendom, utan som levande varelser med egna rättigheter. Detta förtydligas genom att etiska godkännanden från djurförsöksetiska nämnder krävs innan djurförsök får företas.

Vid beslut om sådana etiska godkännanden gör nämnderna en skade/nyttoanalys, däri det krävs att den förväntade nyttan med försöket ska vara större än den skada och det lidande som åsamkas försöksdjuren. Trots detta erhåller en överväldigande majoritet av samtliga ansökningar om djurförsök etiskt godkännande, varpå det finns utbredd kritik och tvivel om de djurförsöksetiska nämndernas arbetssätt är ändamålsenligt utifrån ett djurskyddsperspektiv.

Avseende lidandebegreppet föreskrivs det att djur inte ska utsättas för onödigt lidande vid djurförsök, men det riskerar bli en diskrepans i hur lagstiftningen ser ut kontra hur den tillämpas av nämnderna. Mot bakgrund av att ledamöterna kan definiera begreppet lidande olika, att ledamöterna kan ha egna intressen i frågan samt att det finns otillräcklig kunskap om hur olika djurarter upplever smärta och lidande riskerar bedömningen att bli otillräcklig.

Slutligen bedöms det att den nuvarande lagstiftningen ställer höga krav på att djuren tas hand om i det fall djurförsök företas, men att tillämpningen av lagstiftningen riskerar att underminera djurens rättigheter. Därigenom anges det, särskilt mot bakgrund av xenotransplantation, att den djurförsöksetiska prövningen behöver omprövas för att skade/nyttoanalysen ska bli desto mer rättvis för djuren. Vad avser potentiell framtida forskning om xenotransplantation kan det även vara nödvändigt att, i likhet med Xenotransplantationskommitténs förslag, införa en särskild beslutsprocess och lagstiftning för att säkerställa ett adekvat djurskydd i frågan. (Less)
Abstract
Since early human civilizations, humans have used animals for a variety of purposes, such as food, clothing, and tools. As human technology has advanced, animals have been used as test subjects, known as laboratory animals, to ensure that various substances and treatments are safe. In transplant surgery, animals have played a crucial role in its development and there is the potential for further steps to be taken, in the shape of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation means the transplantation of living organic material from animals to humans, which has the potential to solve the global organ shortage, cure severe diseases and stop organ trafficking. However, regardless of its potential, there are several risks and challenges, including... (More)
Since early human civilizations, humans have used animals for a variety of purposes, such as food, clothing, and tools. As human technology has advanced, animals have been used as test subjects, known as laboratory animals, to ensure that various substances and treatments are safe. In transplant surgery, animals have played a crucial role in its development and there is the potential for further steps to be taken, in the shape of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation means the transplantation of living organic material from animals to humans, which has the potential to solve the global organ shortage, cure severe diseases and stop organ trafficking. However, regardless of its potential, there are several risks and challenges, including animal rights.

The aim of this paper is to use the legal analysis method to examine how Swedish animal welfare has developed to date, and how animal experimentation legislation should be understood in the light of animal ethics and xenotransplantation. In addition, the prerequisite of suffering in animal experiments is examined, and if the current system of animal ethics committees for animal experiments is appropriate. Above all, the legal perspective is examined, with elements of both medicine and ethics.

Swedish animal experimentation legislation has a strong animal welfare focus, to ensure that animals are not harmed unless necessary and to show respect to animals based on their recognised intrinsic value. Compared to previous legislation, animals are no longer seen as property, but as living beings with their own rights. This is made clear by requiring ethical approvals from animal ethics committees before animal experiments can be carried out.

When deciding on such ethical approvals, the committees carry out a harm/benefit analysis, which requires that the expected benefits of the experiment outweigh the harm and suffering caused to the animals. Despite this, an overwhelming majority of all applications for animal experiments receive ethical approval, and there is widespread criticism and doubt as to whether the work of the ethical committees is appropriate from an animal welfare perspective.

Regarding the prerequisite of suffering, it is stipulated that animals should not be subjected to unnecessary suffering in animal experiments, but there is a risk of a discrepancy in how the legislation looks versus how it is applied by the committees. Given that members may define the prerequisite of suffering differently, that members may have their own interests in the matter, and that there is insufficient knowledge about how different animal species experience pain and suffering, the assessment risks being inadequate from an animal welfare perspective.

Finally, it is assessed that the current legislation sets high standards for animal welfare relative to animal experiments, but that the enforcement of the legislation risks undermining the animals' rights. It is thus stated, particularly in the context of xenotransplantation, that the ethical review of animal experiments needs to be reconsidered to make the harm/benefit analysis more equitable for the animals. For potential future research on xenotransplantation, it may also be necessary, as proposed by the Xenotransplantation Committee, to introduce a specific decision-making process and legislation to ensure adequate animal welfare in this area. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Fjellström, Karl Hugo LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The law behind animal suffering – Even if we can, should we? A legal study on Swedish animal experimentation legislation concerning xenotransplantation
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Offentlig rätt, public law, medicinsk rätt, health law, xenotransplantation, djurförsök, animal testing, djurskydd, animal welfare
language
Swedish
id
9151999
date added to LUP
2024-06-07 10:35:08
date last changed
2024-06-07 10:35:08
@misc{9151999,
  abstract     = {{Since early human civilizations, humans have used animals for a variety of purposes, such as food, clothing, and tools. As human technology has advanced, animals have been used as test subjects, known as laboratory animals, to ensure that various substances and treatments are safe. In transplant surgery, animals have played a crucial role in its development and there is the potential for further steps to be taken, in the shape of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation means the transplantation of living organic material from animals to humans, which has the potential to solve the global organ shortage, cure severe diseases and stop organ trafficking. However, regardless of its potential, there are several risks and challenges, including animal rights. 

The aim of this paper is to use the legal analysis method to examine how Swedish animal welfare has developed to date, and how animal experimentation legislation should be understood in the light of animal ethics and xenotransplantation. In addition, the prerequisite of suffering in animal experiments is examined, and if the current system of animal ethics committees for animal experiments is appropriate. Above all, the legal perspective is examined, with elements of both medicine and ethics. 

Swedish animal experimentation legislation has a strong animal welfare focus, to ensure that animals are not harmed unless necessary and to show respect to animals based on their recognised intrinsic value. Compared to previous legislation, animals are no longer seen as property, but as living beings with their own rights. This is made clear by requiring ethical approvals from animal ethics committees before animal experiments can be carried out. 

When deciding on such ethical approvals, the committees carry out a harm/benefit analysis, which requires that the expected benefits of the experiment outweigh the harm and suffering caused to the animals. Despite this, an overwhelming majority of all applications for animal experiments receive ethical approval, and there is widespread criticism and doubt as to whether the work of the ethical committees is appropriate from an animal welfare perspective. 

Regarding the prerequisite of suffering, it is stipulated that animals should not be subjected to unnecessary suffering in animal experiments, but there is a risk of a discrepancy in how the legislation looks versus how it is applied by the committees. Given that members may define the prerequisite of suffering differently, that members may have their own interests in the matter, and that there is insufficient knowledge about how different animal species experience pain and suffering, the assessment risks being inadequate from an animal welfare perspective. 

Finally, it is assessed that the current legislation sets high standards for animal welfare relative to animal experiments, but that the enforcement of the legislation risks undermining the animals' rights. It is thus stated, particularly in the context of xenotransplantation, that the ethical review of animal experiments needs to be reconsidered to make the harm/benefit analysis more equitable for the animals. For potential future research on xenotransplantation, it may also be necessary, as proposed by the Xenotransplantation Committee, to introduce a specific decision-making process and legislation to ensure adequate animal welfare in this area.}},
  author       = {{Fjellström, Karl Hugo}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Djuridiken bakom djurs lidande – Även om vi kan, bör vi? En rättsstudie om svensk djursförsökslagstiftning rörande xenotransplantation}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}