Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Social utsatthet som billighetsskäl – en konflikt mellan humanitet och rättssäkerhet? En rättskritisk analys av 29 kap. 5–5 a §§ brottsbalken

Magnusson, Maija LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I samband med påföljdsreformen år 1989 infördes preciserade regler för påföljdsval och straffmätning i det svenska straffrättssystemet, med syftet att öka förutsägbarheten och möjliggöra en enhetlig rättstillämpning. Bland annat infördes billighetsskälen, ett antal skäl hänförliga gärningspersonen, dennes agerande eller sådant som inträffat efter begånget brott. I det fall omständigheten är av särskild tyngd ska billighetsskälet föranleda strafflindring, med anledning av att något annat vore oskäligt.

Billighetsskälen möjliggör därmed ett påföljdssystem där bestraffningen ska vara proportionell såväl i förhållande till gärningens svårhet som gärningspersonens klandervärdhet. Utöver proportionalitet, betonades vid införandet av... (More)
I samband med påföljdsreformen år 1989 infördes preciserade regler för påföljdsval och straffmätning i det svenska straffrättssystemet, med syftet att öka förutsägbarheten och möjliggöra en enhetlig rättstillämpning. Bland annat infördes billighetsskälen, ett antal skäl hänförliga gärningspersonen, dennes agerande eller sådant som inträffat efter begånget brott. I det fall omständigheten är av särskild tyngd ska billighetsskälet föranleda strafflindring, med anledning av att något annat vore oskäligt.

Billighetsskälen möjliggör därmed ett påföljdssystem där bestraffningen ska vara proportionell såväl i förhållande till gärningens svårhet som gärningspersonens klandervärdhet. Utöver proportionalitet, betonades vid införandet av billighetsskälen att påföljdsbestämningen skulle vila på rättssäkerhet, likhet inför lagen, legalitet och humanitära värden. Dessa principer är grundläggande för straffrättssystemet och avgörande för en legitim och demokratisk rättsstat.

Ett dilemma uppstår däremot vid insikten att alla människor bär med sig olika förutsättningar till ”straffrättens dörr”, exempelvis skilda socioekonomiska förhållanden eller kulturellt baserade aspekter. En diskussion föreligger avseende om sådana förhållanden, ibland benämnda som ”rotten social background defenses” eller ”cultural defenses”, bör kunna beaktas i bedömningen av en gärningspersons klandervärdhet i straffrättsligt hänseende. Förespråkare för detta menar att majoritetssamhället har satt normerna och måttstockarna på ett sätt som gör att vissa individer i samhället i realiteten saknar möjlighet att bli korrekt bedömda vid begånget brott, då den kontext som brottet är begånget i förbises.

I denna framställning undersöks, mot bakgrund av den diskussion avseende ”rotten social background defenses” som föreligger, billighetsskälen och möjligheten att under generalklausulen (29 kap. 5 § 8 p. BrB) beakta social utsatthet som skäl för strafflindring. Framställningens frågeställning är därmed följande; ”Vilka argument talar för respektive mot möjligheten att som förmildrande omständighet inom ramen för billighetsskälens generalklausul beakta social utsatthet?” Syftet är således att beakta såväl fördelar som nackdelar med en sådan ordning. För att möta uppsatsens syfte och frågeställning tillämpas den rättsdogmatiska metoden parallellt med kritisk rättspositivism som tillämpliga metoder. Som utgångspunkt för utredningen tillämpas perspektivet att straffrättssystemet och billighetsskälen färgas av inneboende föreställningar om en gärningsperson som en universell, rationell och normativt fungerande genomsnittlig gärningspersonen, konstruerad av och för norm- och majoritetssamhällets individer.

Billighetsskälen, som verktyg för att hantera och undvika orimliga resultat, kanske därmed egentligen tenderar att upprätthålla och förstärka ett ideologiskt dilemma som driver ett annat orimligt resultat, och de slutsatser som görs är följande. Argument som talar för möjligheten att beakta social utsatthet inom ramen för billighetsskälens generalklausul är att det inneburit en inkludering av icke normativa gärningspersoner, där individens särart och brottets kontext hade givits större betydelse. Att HD tillämpat generalklausulen i vitt skilda fall, samt att möjligheten att beakta social utsatthet är förenlig med den grundläggande humanitetstanken som omsluter påföljdsbestämningen, talar för ett sådant system. Vad som däremot talar mot att beakta social utsatthet inom ramen för billighetsskälen är svårigheterna i bevishänseende som ordningen skulle skapa, med risk att bli såväl över- som underinkluderande. Därutöver hade ordningen även riskerat att bekräfta och reproducera de normativa inneboende värden som existerar inom straffrätten, mot bakgrund av de normativa överväganden och föreställningar om den socialt utsatta som i sådant fall skulle aktualiseras. (Less)
Abstract
In connection with the Swedish penal reform of 1989, specific rules for sentencing and penalty assessment were introduced into the Swedish criminal justice system, with the aim of increasing predictability and enabling uniform application of the law. The grounds for equity were established, consisting of various factors related to the offender, his or her actions, or events occurred after the crime. If any of the factors are particularly significant, they should result in mitigation of the penalty, as anything else would be deemed unjust.

The grounds for equity facilitate a penal system where punishment is proportional to both the severity of the offense and the blameworthiness of the offender. In addition to proportionality, the... (More)
In connection with the Swedish penal reform of 1989, specific rules for sentencing and penalty assessment were introduced into the Swedish criminal justice system, with the aim of increasing predictability and enabling uniform application of the law. The grounds for equity were established, consisting of various factors related to the offender, his or her actions, or events occurred after the crime. If any of the factors are particularly significant, they should result in mitigation of the penalty, as anything else would be deemed unjust.

The grounds for equity facilitate a penal system where punishment is proportional to both the severity of the offense and the blameworthiness of the offender. In addition to proportionality, the adoption of the equity grounds emphasized that sentencing should be based on principles of procedural guarantees, equality before the law, legality and humanity. These principles are fundamental to the criminal justice system and crucial for a legitimate, democratic state governed by law.

However, a dilemma arises from the understanding that individuals bring diverse circumstances to the “door of criminal justice”, such as different socioeconomic conditions or culturally based aspects. There is an ongoing debate about whether such circumstances, sometimes referred to as “rotten social background defenses” or “cultural defenses”, should be considered in assessing an offender’s blameworthiness in penal context. Proponents argue that the dominant society has established norms and standards in a way that prevents certain individuals from being fairly assessed for their culpability, as the context in which the crime was committed is often disregarded.

This essay examines, considering the ongoing discussion regarding “rotten social background defenses”, the grounds for equity and the possibility of considering social vulnerability as a reason for mitigation of a sentence under the general clause (Chapter 29, Section 5, 8 Penal Code). The research question is thus formulated as follows; “Which arguments exists in favor as well as against the possibility to consider social vulnerability as a reason for mitigation of a sentence under the general clause?” The purpose is to evaluate both the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach. To address the purpose and research question of the thesis, the legal dogmatic method, together with critical legal positivism, will be used as applied method. The examination is based on the perspective that the penal justice system and the grounds for equity are influenced by inherent assumptions about a perpetrator as an universal, rational, and normatively functioned average person, constructed by and for the individuals of the normative and majority society.

Thus, the grounds for equity, as a tool to handle and avoid unreasonable outcomes, may tend to maintain and reinforce an ideological dilemma that leads to another unreasonable outcome, and the conclusions drawn are as follows. Arguments in favor of the possibility of considering social vulnerability within the framework of the general clause of equity, is the inclusion of a non-normative perpetrator, where the individual’s uniqueness and the context of the crime would be given greater significance. The Supreme Court’s application of the general clause in diverse cases, as well as the compatibility with the fundamental principle of humanity enclosing the penal system, advocate such a system. However, arguments against considering social vulnerability within equity is primarily the difficulties in evidentiary matters which such a system would create, together with the risk of being both under- and overinclusive. Furthermore, the system would risk the reinforcement and reproduction of the normative inherent values existing within criminal law, given the normative considerations and perceptions of the socially vulnerable. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Magnusson, Maija LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Social vulnerability as a ground for equity – a conflict between humanity and the rule of law? A critical analysis of Chapter 29, Section 5–5 a Penal Code
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, billighetsskäl, equity, rotten social background defenses
language
Swedish
id
9152964
date added to LUP
2024-06-12 08:18:42
date last changed
2024-06-12 08:18:42
@misc{9152964,
  abstract     = {{In connection with the Swedish penal reform of 1989, specific rules for sentencing and penalty assessment were introduced into the Swedish criminal justice system, with the aim of increasing predictability and enabling uniform application of the law. The grounds for equity were established, consisting of various factors related to the offender, his or her actions, or events occurred after the crime. If any of the factors are particularly significant, they should result in mitigation of the penalty, as anything else would be deemed unjust. 

The grounds for equity facilitate a penal system where punishment is proportional to both the severity of the offense and the blameworthiness of the offender. In addition to proportionality, the adoption of the equity grounds emphasized that sentencing should be based on principles of procedural guarantees, equality before the law, legality and humanity. These principles are fundamental to the criminal justice system and crucial for a legitimate, democratic state governed by law. 

However, a dilemma arises from the understanding that individuals bring diverse circumstances to the “door of criminal justice”, such as different socioeconomic conditions or culturally based aspects. There is an ongoing debate about whether such circumstances, sometimes referred to as “rotten social background defenses” or “cultural defenses”, should be considered in assessing an offender’s blameworthiness in penal context. Proponents argue that the dominant society has established norms and standards in a way that prevents certain individuals from being fairly assessed for their culpability, as the context in which the crime was committed is often disregarded.

This essay examines, considering the ongoing discussion regarding “rotten social background defenses”, the grounds for equity and the possibility of considering social vulnerability as a reason for mitigation of a sentence under the general clause (Chapter 29, Section 5, 8 Penal Code). The research question is thus formulated as follows; “Which arguments exists in favor as well as against the possibility to consider social vulnerability as a reason for mitigation of a sentence under the general clause?” The purpose is to evaluate both the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach. To address the purpose and research question of the thesis, the legal dogmatic method, together with critical legal positivism, will be used as applied method. The examination is based on the perspective that the penal justice system and the grounds for equity are influenced by inherent assumptions about a perpetrator as an universal, rational, and normatively functioned average person, constructed by and for the individuals of the normative and majority society. 

Thus, the grounds for equity, as a tool to handle and avoid unreasonable outcomes, may tend to maintain and reinforce an ideological dilemma that leads to another unreasonable outcome, and the conclusions drawn are as follows. Arguments in favor of the possibility of considering social vulnerability within the framework of the general clause of equity, is the inclusion of a non-normative perpetrator, where the individual’s uniqueness and the context of the crime would be given greater significance. The Supreme Court’s application of the general clause in diverse cases, as well as the compatibility with the fundamental principle of humanity enclosing the penal system, advocate such a system. However, arguments against considering social vulnerability within equity is primarily the difficulties in evidentiary matters which such a system would create, together with the risk of being both under- and overinclusive. Furthermore, the system would risk the reinforcement and reproduction of the normative inherent values existing within criminal law, given the normative considerations and perceptions of the socially vulnerable.}},
  author       = {{Magnusson, Maija}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Social utsatthet som billighetsskäl – en konflikt mellan humanitet och rättssäkerhet? En rättskritisk analys av 29 kap. 5–5 a §§ brottsbalken}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}