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EU:s normgivningskompetens – är den svenska nationella lönebildningen i fara? En rättsvetenskaplig undersökning med utgångspunkt i minimilönedirektivet och lönetransparensdirektivet

Aho, Linn LU (2024) JURM02 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den svenska nationella lönebildningen kännetecknas av att det är arbetsmarknadens parter som reglerar villkoren för lönesättningen med kollektivavtalet som främsta regleringsinstrument. Utmärkande är en individuell lönesättningsmetod baserad på arbetstagarens prestation och förmåga. Inom ramen för EU-samarbetet har löneförhållanden länge betraktats som en fråga förbehållen medlemsstaterna. Detta kommer till uttryck i artikel 153.5 FEUF som uttryckligen undantar löneförhållanden från EU:s kompetensområde. Begränsningen gäller dock endast i förhållande till artikel 151 och 153 FEUF, och omfattar således inte åtgärder avseende löneförhållanden som har tillkommit med stöd av andra normgivningsbestämmelser i fördraget. Vidare har EU-domstolen i... (More)
Den svenska nationella lönebildningen kännetecknas av att det är arbetsmarknadens parter som reglerar villkoren för lönesättningen med kollektivavtalet som främsta regleringsinstrument. Utmärkande är en individuell lönesättningsmetod baserad på arbetstagarens prestation och förmåga. Inom ramen för EU-samarbetet har löneförhållanden länge betraktats som en fråga förbehållen medlemsstaterna. Detta kommer till uttryck i artikel 153.5 FEUF som uttryckligen undantar löneförhållanden från EU:s kompetensområde. Begränsningen gäller dock endast i förhållande till artikel 151 och 153 FEUF, och omfattar således inte åtgärder avseende löneförhållanden som har tillkommit med stöd av andra normgivningsbestämmelser i fördraget. Vidare har EU-domstolen i målen C-307/05, Del Cerro Alonso, och C-268/06, Impact, inskränkt undantagets omfattning till åtgärder som utgör en ”direkt inblandning” i fastställandet av lönen. En indirekt inblandning är således tillåtet.

EU har nyligen antagit två nya direktiv på löneområdet – minimilönedirektivet och lönetransparensdirektivet. Båda direktiven har gett upphov till en omfattande debatt i Sverige, eftersom direktiven anses utgöra ett hot mot den svenska nationella lönebildningen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur EU:s normgivningskompetens på löneområdet förhåller sig till direktiven, och därmed om EU har handlat inom ramen för eller överskridit sin tilldelade kompetens. Därefter syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka hur EU:s normgivningskompetens, med beaktande av minimilönedirektivet och lönetransparensdirektivet, förhåller sig till den svenska nationella lönebildningen.

Resultatet av undersökningen visar att EU:s institutioner förmodligen har agerat inom ramen för sin normgivningskompetens både beträffande minimilönedirektivet och lönetransparensdirektivet. Minimilönedirektivet utgör inte någon direkt inblandning i fastställandet av lönen sett till direktivets nuvarande lydelse. Att EU-domstolen i framtiden kan komma att ta ställning till direktivet på ett sätt som underminerar den svenska nationella lönebildningen har i sammanhanget ingen betydelse, eftersom EU-domstolen inte omfattas av kompetensundantaget i artikel 153.5 FEUF. Lönetransparensdirektivet omfattas inte heller av kompetensundantaget i artikel 153.5 FEUF, eftersom direktivets rättsliga grund är artikel 157 FEUF och inte artikel 153 FEUF. Även om direktivet kan anses försvåra en tillämpning av den individuella lönesättningsmetod som genomsyrar hela den svenska lönebildningsmodellen, är det således inte möjligt att angripa detta med stöd av artikel 153.5 FEUF. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att medlemsstaternas försök att begränsa EU:s normgivningskompetens på löneområdet inte har fått den effekt som åsyftades vid kompetensöverlåtelsen. Eftersom det är svårt att dra några exakta gränser mellan olika rättsliga grunder samt hur dessa förhåller sig till varandra, blir den yttersta gränsen för EU:s normgivningskompetens oklar. Därutöver kan EU:s institutioner genom att utforma vaga och oklara villkor hålla sig inom ramen för sin tilldelade normgivningskompetens, samtidigt som beslutandemakt överförs till EU-domstolen. Med beaktande av hur EU-rätten ser ut och är uppbyggd kan således även en initialt liten kompetensöverlåtelse leda till en stor maktfördelning i slutändan. Detta innebär att den svenska nationella lönebildningen har blivit långt ifrån en nationell angelägenhet, och där den yttersta makten numera ligger i EU-domstolens händer. (Less)
Abstract
The Swedish national wage formation is characterized by the fact that it is the social partners who regulate the conditions for wage setting, with the collective agreement as the primary regulatory instrument. Distinctive is an individual wage-setting method based on the employee’s performance and ability. Within the framework of the EU cooperation, wage conditions have long been considered as a matter reserved for the Member States. This is reflected in Article 153.5 TFEU, which explicitly excludes wage conditions from the EU’s area of competence. However, the limitation only applies in relation to the Articles 151 and 153 TFEU, and therefore does not cover measures relating to wage conditions adopted on the basis of other regulatory... (More)
The Swedish national wage formation is characterized by the fact that it is the social partners who regulate the conditions for wage setting, with the collective agreement as the primary regulatory instrument. Distinctive is an individual wage-setting method based on the employee’s performance and ability. Within the framework of the EU cooperation, wage conditions have long been considered as a matter reserved for the Member States. This is reflected in Article 153.5 TFEU, which explicitly excludes wage conditions from the EU’s area of competence. However, the limitation only applies in relation to the Articles 151 and 153 TFEU, and therefore does not cover measures relating to wage conditions adopted on the basis of other regulatory provisions. Furthermore, in the two cases C-307/05, Del Cerro Alonso, and C-268/06, Impact, the Court of Justice of the European Union, CJEU, has restricted the scope of the exception to measures that constitute a “direct interference” in the determination of wages. Indirect interference is thus allowed.

The EU has recently adopted two new directives in the area of wages – the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive. Both directives have led to an extensive debate in Sweden, as the directives are considered to pose a threat to the Swedish national wage formation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the EU’s legislative competence in the area of wages relates to the directives, and thus whether the EU has acted within or exceeded its competence. Subsequently, the thesis aims to investigate how the EU’s legislative competence, in consideration of the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive, relates to the Swedish national wage formation.

The result of this study shows that the EU’s institutions probably have acted within their assigned competence in the area of wages, both in relation to the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive. The Minimum Wage Directive does not constitute any direct interference in its current form. It does not matter whether the CJEU in the future may take a position on the Directive in a way that undermines the Swedish national wage formation, as the CJEU is not covered by the exception in Article 153.5 TFEU. The Pay Transparency Directive does not fall within the exception of Article 153.5 TFEU either, as the legal basis for the Directive is Article 157 TFEU and not Article 153 TFEU. Although this Directive may complicate the implementation of an individual wage-setting method, which is an integral part of the Swedish national wage formation, this cannot be challenged under Article 153.5 TFEU. In conclusion, the Member States’ attempts to limit the EU’s legislative competence in the area of wages have not yielded the intended outcome. Due to the difficulty of defining the boundaries between different legal bases and how they relate to each other, the ultimate limit of the EU’s legislative competence remains unclear. Additionally, by drafting vague and unclear conditions in the directives, the EU’s institutions may stay within their legislative competence, while transferring decision-making power to the CJEU instead. Given the nature and structure of EU law, even an initially small division of competence can thus lead to a large distribution of power in the end. This means that the Swedish national wage formation has become far from a national matter, and where the ultimate power now lies with the CJEU. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Aho, Linn LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
EU's legislative competence – is the Swedish national wage formation in danger? A legal investigation based on the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive
course
JURM02 20241
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Arbetsrätt, EU-rätt
language
Swedish
id
9152991
date added to LUP
2024-06-05 10:09:36
date last changed
2024-06-05 10:09:36
@misc{9152991,
  abstract     = {{The Swedish national wage formation is characterized by the fact that it is the social partners who regulate the conditions for wage setting, with the collective agreement as the primary regulatory instrument. Distinctive is an individual wage-setting method based on the employee’s performance and ability. Within the framework of the EU cooperation, wage conditions have long been considered as a matter reserved for the Member States. This is reflected in Article 153.5 TFEU, which explicitly excludes wage conditions from the EU’s area of competence. However, the limitation only applies in relation to the Articles 151 and 153 TFEU, and therefore does not cover measures relating to wage conditions adopted on the basis of other regulatory provisions. Furthermore, in the two cases C-307/05, Del Cerro Alonso, and C-268/06, Impact, the Court of Justice of the European Union, CJEU, has restricted the scope of the exception to measures that constitute a “direct interference” in the determination of wages. Indirect interference is thus allowed.

The EU has recently adopted two new directives in the area of wages – the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive. Both directives have led to an extensive debate in Sweden, as the directives are considered to pose a threat to the Swedish national wage formation. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the EU’s legislative competence in the area of wages relates to the directives, and thus whether the EU has acted within or exceeded its competence. Subsequently, the thesis aims to investigate how the EU’s legislative competence, in consideration of the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive, relates to the Swedish national wage formation.

The result of this study shows that the EU’s institutions probably have acted within their assigned competence in the area of wages, both in relation to the Minimum Wage Directive and the Pay Transparency Directive. The Minimum Wage Directive does not constitute any direct interference in its current form. It does not matter whether the CJEU in the future may take a position on the Directive in a way that undermines the Swedish national wage formation, as the CJEU is not covered by the exception in Article 153.5 TFEU. The Pay Transparency Directive does not fall within the exception of Article 153.5 TFEU either, as the legal basis for the Directive is Article 157 TFEU and not Article 153 TFEU. Although this Directive may complicate the implementation of an individual wage-setting method, which is an integral part of the Swedish national wage formation, this cannot be challenged under Article 153.5 TFEU. In conclusion, the Member States’ attempts to limit the EU’s legislative competence in the area of wages have not yielded the intended outcome. Due to the difficulty of defining the boundaries between different legal bases and how they relate to each other, the ultimate limit of the EU’s legislative competence remains unclear. Additionally, by drafting vague and unclear conditions in the directives, the EU’s institutions may stay within their legislative competence, while transferring decision-making power to the CJEU instead. Given the nature and structure of EU law, even an initially small division of competence can thus lead to a large distribution of power in the end. This means that the Swedish national wage formation has become far from a national matter, and where the ultimate power now lies with the CJEU.}},
  author       = {{Aho, Linn}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{EU:s normgivningskompetens – är den svenska nationella lönebildningen i fara? En rättsvetenskaplig undersökning med utgångspunkt i minimilönedirektivet och lönetransparensdirektivet}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}