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Gränslandet till oaktsam våldtäkt - En analys av Högsta domstolens oaktsamhetsbedömning och gränsdragning mellan uppsåt och oaktsamhet i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt

Meneses Garcia, Drixanne LU (2024) LAGF03 20241
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Since 1 July 2018, the Swedish sexual offences legislation is based on the absence of voluntariness instead of the presence of violence, threats or a particularly vulnerable situation. As a result of the amendments, a new offence was added to the Criminal Code (1962:700) – negligent rape. The aim was to send a normative message and emphasise the right of every person to sexual integrity and sexual self-determination. The introduction of a so-called 'consent-law' was welcomed by some, but met with criticism, debate and concern elsewhere. Despite this, the government allowed the Swedish legislation to undergo a change when it was deemed there was a legal need for one.

It has been almost six years since the law was changed, but according... (More)
Since 1 July 2018, the Swedish sexual offences legislation is based on the absence of voluntariness instead of the presence of violence, threats or a particularly vulnerable situation. As a result of the amendments, a new offence was added to the Criminal Code (1962:700) – negligent rape. The aim was to send a normative message and emphasise the right of every person to sexual integrity and sexual self-determination. The introduction of a so-called 'consent-law' was welcomed by some, but met with criticism, debate and concern elsewhere. Despite this, the government allowed the Swedish legislation to undergo a change when it was deemed there was a legal need for one.

It has been almost six years since the law was changed, but according to the statistics of the National Council for Crime Prevention and the Public Prosecution Service, there is a seemingly small number of cases involving the new offence of negligent rape. To date, there are only three Supreme Court rulings on this offence. Nevertheless, the changes to the law had a greater effect than expected, as more reports have led to convictions for rape. As there have been difficulties in applying the rape provisions – especially in cases of negligent rape – the question arises whether this may be a particularly important reason for the low figure in the statistics. This paper therefore aims to critically analyse the Supreme Court's rulings in cases of negligent rape and examine how the Supreme Court reasoned in its assessment of whether the perpetrator acted with gross negligence within the meaning of Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Penal Code. Finally, the aim is also to try to clarify the Supreme Court's reasoning when drawing the line between intent and gross negligence, as well as conscious and unconscious negligence as referred to in the rape legislation. The aim of the thesis is fulfilled through three different questions: (1) What constitutes gross negligence according to the provision in Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Penal Code?, (2) What constitutes gross negligence according to the Supreme Court's assessment in cases of negligent rape? Is it possible to determine where the Supreme Court draws the line between intent and gross negligence and between conscious and unconscious negligence, within the meaning of the rape legislation, on the basis of the Court's precedents in cases of negligent rape? and finally (3) Can the Supreme Court’s precedents be considered sufficient to guide the general courts in their judgement in cases of negligent rape?.

The first question is intended to describe the definition of gross negligence in cases of negligent rape, based on the legal text and its preparatory works. The second question then examines how negligence is assessed in legal practice. The third and final question instead concerns a critical analysis of the Supreme Court's rulings to examine whether these judgements have been able to relax the prevailing uncertain legal situation in these cases. The paper thus applies a legal-dogmatic method. To determine the applicable law, the traditional sources of law are used: legislation, legislative history, case law and doctrine. The case law that has been studied consists of two cases. NJA 2019 p. 668 is presented first and deals with the question of how gross negligence is to be assessed, while NJA 2022 p. 237 deals with the question of in which cases unconscious negligence can be considered gross. The legal-dogmatic method is used to answer the first and partly the second question. This method also includes a critical analytical method in order to answer the second and third questions.

The offence of negligent rape is intended to cover cases that are difficult to assess, where the victim has reacted passively to the sexual assault and the existing legal uncertainty needs to be addressed. In this type of offence in particular, it has been shown that norm-building by law enforcement becomes particularly important. The lack of legal certainty in cases of negligent rape may increase the risk of a person paradoxically avoiding the legal consequences of an intentional or at least grossly negligent act – when this was the result of a neglect of one’s responsibility to ensure voluntariness. As mentioned above, there are only three Supreme Court decisions in this area whereas it has been noted that the precedents are not sufficiently concrete and largely do not present anything new. There is a need for more rulings that include in-depth analysis and clear reasoning to serve as guidance in assessing both negligence and voluntariness, as well as the distinction between intent and negligence and between conscious and unconscious negligence in the sense referred to in Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Criminal Code. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan den 1 juli 2018 bygger den svenska sexualbrottslagstiftningen på avsaknad av frivillighet istället för förekomsten av våld, hot eller en särskilt utsatt situation. Till följd av ändringarna tillkom även ett nytt brott i brottsbalken (1962:700) – oaktsam våldtäkt. Syftet var att sända ett normativt budskap och understryka varje människas rätt till sexuell integritet och sexuellt självbestämmande. Införandet av en så kallad samtyckeslag välkomnades av somliga, men på andra håll möttes den av kritik, debatt och oro. Trots detta lät regeringen den svenska lagstiftningen genomgå en förändring då det bedömdes finnas ett rättsligt behov för en sådan.

Det har gått snart sex år sedan lagändringarna men i enlighet med Brottsförebyggande... (More)
Sedan den 1 juli 2018 bygger den svenska sexualbrottslagstiftningen på avsaknad av frivillighet istället för förekomsten av våld, hot eller en särskilt utsatt situation. Till följd av ändringarna tillkom även ett nytt brott i brottsbalken (1962:700) – oaktsam våldtäkt. Syftet var att sända ett normativt budskap och understryka varje människas rätt till sexuell integritet och sexuellt självbestämmande. Införandet av en så kallad samtyckeslag välkomnades av somliga, men på andra håll möttes den av kritik, debatt och oro. Trots detta lät regeringen den svenska lagstiftningen genomgå en förändring då det bedömdes finnas ett rättsligt behov för en sådan.

Det har gått snart sex år sedan lagändringarna men i enlighet med Brottsförebyggande rådet och Åklagarmyndighetens statistik är det ett till synes litet antal fall som avsåg det nya brottet oaktsam våldtäkt. Det finns än idag endast tre avgörande från Högsta domstolen kring det brottet. Lagändringarna fick trots allt en större effekt än förväntat då fler anmälningar har lett till fällande dom för våldtäkt. Då det har påvisats föreligga svårigheter vid tillämpning av våldtäktsbestämmelserna, framförallt i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt, uppstår frågan om detta kan vara ett särskilt viktigt skäl till den låga siffran i statistiken. Denna uppsats ämnar därför att kritiskt analysera HD:s avgöranden i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt samt undersöka hur HD resonerar vid sin bedömning av huruvida gärningspersonen handlat grovt oaktsamt i den mening som avses i 6 kap. 1 a § brottsbalken. Slutligen är syftet även att försöka klargöra HD:s resonemang vid gränsdragningen mellan uppsåt och grov oaktsamhet samt medveten och omedveten oaktsamhet som avses i våldtäktslagstiftningen. Uppsatsens syfte uppfylls genom tre olika frågeställningar: (1) Vad utgör grov oaktsamhet enligt bestämmelsen i 6 kap. 1 a § brottsbalken?, (2) Vad utgör grov oaktsamhet enligt HD:s bedömning i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt? Går det att fastställa var HD drar gränsen mellan uppsåt och grov oaktsamhet samt mellan medveten och omedveten oaktsamhet, i den mening som avses i våldtäktslagstiftningen, utifrån domstolens prejudikat i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt? och slutligen (3) Kan HD:s prejudikat anses vara tillräckliga för att vägleda de allmänna domstolarna i sin bedömning i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt?

Den första frågeställningen avser att redogöra för definitionen av grov oaktsamhet vid oaktsam våldtäkt, utifrån lagtext och förarbeten till denna. Därefter undersöks hur oaktsamhetsbedömningen sker i rättstillämpningen genom den andra frågeställningen. Den tredje och sista frågeställningen rör istället en kritisk analys av HD:s avgöranden för att undersöka huruvida dessa domar har kunnat luckra upp det rådande osäkra rättsläget i dessa mål. Uppsatsen tillämpar alltså en rättsdogmatisk metod. För att fastställa gällande rätt används de traditionella rättskällorna: lagstiftning, lagförarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin. Den rättspraxis som har studerats består av två rättsfall. NJA 2019 s. 668 presenteras först och behandlar frågan om hur grov oaktsamhet ska bedömas, medan NJA 2022 s. 237 berör frågan om i vilka fall omedveten oaktsamhet kan anses vara grov. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden används för att besvara den första och delvis den andra frågeställningen. Denna metod innefattar även en kritisk analytisk metod för att sedan besvara den andra och tredje frågeställningen.

Brottet oaktsam våldtäkt avser att träffa svårbedömda fall där den utsatte har reagerat med passivitet på det sexuella övergreppet och den oklarhet i rättsläget som existerar behöver åtgärdas. Framförallt vid denna typ av brott har det visat sig att normbildning från rättstillämpningen blir särskilt viktig. Till följd av det oklara rättsläget som råder i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt kan möjligtvis riskerna öka för att en person paradoxalt nog kan undvika rättsföljden av en uppsåtlig eller i vart fall grovt oaktsam handling – när denna varit ett resultat av försummelse av sitt ansvar för att se till att frivillighet föreligger. Som tidigare nämnt finns det endast tre avgöranden från Högsta domstolen på området varvid det har konstaterats att prejudikaten inte är tillräckligt konkreta och framför till stor del inget nytt. Det behövs fler avgöranden som innefattar en djup analys och tydliga resonemang för att fungera som vägledning vid bedömning av såväl oaktsamhet och frivillighet, och vid gränsdragningen mellan uppsåt och oaktsamhet samt mellan medveten och omedveten oaktsamhet i den bemärkelsen som avses i 6 kap. 1 a § brottsbalken. (Less)
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author
Meneses Garcia, Drixanne LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20241
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
straffrätt (en. criminal law), våldtäkt (en. rape), oaktsam våldtäkt (en. negligent rape), grov oaktsamhet (en. gross negligence)
language
Swedish
id
9153315
date added to LUP
2024-06-26 12:06:10
date last changed
2024-06-26 12:06:10
@misc{9153315,
  abstract     = {{Since 1 July 2018, the Swedish sexual offences legislation is based on the absence of voluntariness instead of the presence of violence, threats or a particularly vulnerable situation. As a result of the amendments, a new offence was added to the Criminal Code (1962:700) – negligent rape. The aim was to send a normative message and emphasise the right of every person to sexual integrity and sexual self-determination. The introduction of a so-called 'consent-law' was welcomed by some, but met with criticism, debate and concern elsewhere. Despite this, the government allowed the Swedish legislation to undergo a change when it was deemed there was a legal need for one.

It has been almost six years since the law was changed, but according to the statistics of the National Council for Crime Prevention and the Public Prosecution Service, there is a seemingly small number of cases involving the new offence of negligent rape. To date, there are only three Supreme Court rulings on this offence. Nevertheless, the changes to the law had a greater effect than expected, as more reports have led to convictions for rape. As there have been difficulties in applying the rape provisions – especially in cases of negligent rape – the question arises whether this may be a particularly important reason for the low figure in the statistics. This paper therefore aims to critically analyse the Supreme Court's rulings in cases of negligent rape and examine how the Supreme Court reasoned in its assessment of whether the perpetrator acted with gross negligence within the meaning of Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Penal Code. Finally, the aim is also to try to clarify the Supreme Court's reasoning when drawing the line between intent and gross negligence, as well as conscious and unconscious negligence as referred to in the rape legislation. The aim of the thesis is fulfilled through three different questions: (1) What constitutes gross negligence according to the provision in Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Penal Code?, (2) What constitutes gross negligence according to the Supreme Court's assessment in cases of negligent rape? Is it possible to determine where the Supreme Court draws the line between intent and gross negligence and between conscious and unconscious negligence, within the meaning of the rape legislation, on the basis of the Court's precedents in cases of negligent rape? and finally (3) Can the Supreme Court’s precedents be considered sufficient to guide the general courts in their judgement in cases of negligent rape?. 

The first question is intended to describe the definition of gross negligence in cases of negligent rape, based on the legal text and its preparatory works. The second question then examines how negligence is assessed in legal practice. The third and final question instead concerns a critical analysis of the Supreme Court's rulings to examine whether these judgements have been able to relax the prevailing uncertain legal situation in these cases. The paper thus applies a legal-dogmatic method. To determine the applicable law, the traditional sources of law are used: legislation, legislative history, case law and doctrine. The case law that has been studied consists of two cases. NJA 2019 p. 668 is presented first and deals with the question of how gross negligence is to be assessed, while NJA 2022 p. 237 deals with the question of in which cases unconscious negligence can be considered gross. The legal-dogmatic method is used to answer the first and partly the second question. This method also includes a critical analytical method in order to answer the second and third questions.

The offence of negligent rape is intended to cover cases that are difficult to assess, where the victim has reacted passively to the sexual assault and the existing legal uncertainty needs to be addressed. In this type of offence in particular, it has been shown that norm-building by law enforcement becomes particularly important. The lack of legal certainty in cases of negligent rape may increase the risk of a person paradoxically avoiding the legal consequences of an intentional or at least grossly negligent act – when this was the result of a neglect of one’s responsibility to ensure voluntariness. As mentioned above, there are only three Supreme Court decisions in this area whereas it has been noted that the precedents are not sufficiently concrete and largely do not present anything new. There is a need for more rulings that include in-depth analysis and clear reasoning to serve as guidance in assessing both negligence and voluntariness, as well as the distinction between intent and negligence and between conscious and unconscious negligence in the sense referred to in Chapter 6, Section 1 a of the Criminal Code.}},
  author       = {{Meneses Garcia, Drixanne}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Gränslandet till oaktsam våldtäkt - En analys av Högsta domstolens oaktsamhetsbedömning och gränsdragning mellan uppsåt och oaktsamhet i mål om oaktsam våldtäkt}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}