Kvinna, Liv, Frihet - könsapartheid och internationell rätt
(2024) JURM02 20241Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- The Taliban regime has regained power in Afghanistan after a 20-year occu-pation by America. The Taliban regime has imposed a ban on girls participat-ing in education and erased girls and women from the public sphere. Girls and women have been restricted to stay at home, unable to move freely without a state recognized male companion. Girls and women are subjected to serious discrimination on the sole basis that they are girls and women. This very seri-ous form of discrimination has been called gender apartheid, which is not a legally recognized term.
The master thesis describes and analyses the serious discrimination that girls and women fall victim to in the ultra-patriarchal society of Afghanistan. The purpose of this thesis is to... (More) - The Taliban regime has regained power in Afghanistan after a 20-year occu-pation by America. The Taliban regime has imposed a ban on girls participat-ing in education and erased girls and women from the public sphere. Girls and women have been restricted to stay at home, unable to move freely without a state recognized male companion. Girls and women are subjected to serious discrimination on the sole basis that they are girls and women. This very seri-ous form of discrimination has been called gender apartheid, which is not a legally recognized term.
The master thesis describes and analyses the serious discrimination that girls and women fall victim to in the ultra-patriarchal society of Afghanistan. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the current international legal frame-work with the intention of investigating whether there is an opportunity to expand the protection for girls and women who are exposed to serious dis-crimination. The thesis also aims to answer the question of whether a codifica-tion of gender apartheid would have any impact on the international legal framework.
The thesis describes the international legal framework and states that there are a significant number of conventions that ensure the human rights of girls and women, but these become ineffective for the individual because Afghanistan has not joined the current additional protocols that contains the enforcement mechanisms. The thesis also describes the possibility for a state affiliated to a convention to refer a dispute to the International Court. Since Afghanistan joined the Women’s Convention without any reservations, Afghanistan falls under the court’s jurisdiction and the court can thus hear a potential dispute between Afghanistan and another state affiliated with the convention. The thesis also describes the possibilities for a member state to refer to the criminal court “a situation in which one or more crimes covered by the Court’s juris-diction have been committed”.
The thesis, on the one hand, states that there is a possibility of bringing Af-ghanistan to justice before the International Court of Justice for the serious violations that girls and women are subjected to. On the other hand, the thesis makes visible an unofficial hierarchy created between gender discrimination and racial discrimination within the international law which was never intend-ed to exist in the first place, and which creates a vulnerability in terms of ensuring the human rights of girls and women.
The thesis therefore explains the possibility of codifying gender apartheid, the apartheid crime does not only contain a prohibition to directly practice dis-crimination but also for parties to directly abet, encourage or cooperate in the commission of the crime of apartheid. This differs from the Women’s Con-vention, which only states that states affiliated with the convention must take “appropriate measures” to promote gender equality and abolish all forms of discrimination against women. The thesis also explains the differences between the crime of persecution and the crime of apartheid. The latter contains the component of institutionalized discrimination, which the former does not. Therefore, these two crimes were included as two distinct crimes in the Rome Statute when it was established.
The thesis concludes that the current regulatory framework is not complete and that a codification of gender apartheid in International Law would contribute to increasing the protection against serious discrimination and gross hu-man rights violations of girls and women. The thesis also outlines the support that exists for codifying gender apartheid through an adjustment to the proposed draft of the Convention on Crimes against Humanity. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Talibanregimen har återfått makten av Afghanistan efter en 20 år lång amerikansk ockupation. Talibanregimen har infört ett förbud för flickor att delta i utbildning och raderat ut flickor och kvinnor från det offentliga rummet. Flickor och kvinnor har begränsats till att hålla sig i det egna hemmet, utan möjlighet att röra sig fritt utan en manlig, av staten erkänd, ledsagare (mahram). Flickor och kvinnor utsätts för allvarlig diskriminering med enda grund att de är flickor och kvinnor. Denna mycket allvarliga form av diskriminering har kallats för könsapartheid, även om könsapartheid inte är en erkänd juridisk term.
I uppsatsen beskrivs och analyseras den allvarliga diskriminering som flickor och kvinnor faller offer för i det... (More) - Talibanregimen har återfått makten av Afghanistan efter en 20 år lång amerikansk ockupation. Talibanregimen har infört ett förbud för flickor att delta i utbildning och raderat ut flickor och kvinnor från det offentliga rummet. Flickor och kvinnor har begränsats till att hålla sig i det egna hemmet, utan möjlighet att röra sig fritt utan en manlig, av staten erkänd, ledsagare (mahram). Flickor och kvinnor utsätts för allvarlig diskriminering med enda grund att de är flickor och kvinnor. Denna mycket allvarliga form av diskriminering har kallats för könsapartheid, även om könsapartheid inte är en erkänd juridisk term.
I uppsatsen beskrivs och analyseras den allvarliga diskriminering som flickor och kvinnor faller offer för i det ultrapatriarkala samhället i Afghanistan. Syftet är att utreda det rådande internationella regelverket med avsikt att under-söka om det finns möjlighet att utöka skyddet för flickor och kvinnor som utsätts för allvarlig diskriminering. Uppsatsen ämnar också besvara frågan om en kodifiering av könsapartheid skulle ha någon inverkan på det internationella juridiska regelverket.
Uppsatsen redogör för det internationella juridiska regelverket och konstaterar att det finns ett betydande antal konventioner som säkerställer flickor och kvinnors mänskliga rättigheter men att dessa blir verkningslösa för den en-skilde eftersom Afghanistan inte anslutit sig till de aktuella tilläggsprotokollen som innehåller verkställighetsmekanismerna. Uppsatsen redogör också för möjligheten för en konventionsstat att hänskjuta en tvist till Internationella domstolen. Eftersom Afghanistan anslutit sig till kvinnokonventionen utan några reservationer faller Afghanistan under domstolen jurisdiktion och dom-stolen kan således pröva en potentiell tvist mellan Afghanistan och en annan konventionsstat. Uppsatsen redogör också för möjligheterna för ett medlems-land att till brottmålsdomstolen hänskjuta ”en situation i vilken ett eller flera brott som omfattas av Domstolens jurisdiktion förfaller har begåtts”
Uppsatsen å ena sidan fastslår att det finns en möjlighet att ställa Afghanistan inför rätta inför den Internationella domstolen för de allvarliga kränkningar som flickor och kvinnor utsätts för. Å andra sidan synliggör uppsatsen en inofficiell hierarki som skapats mellan könsdiskriminering och rasdiskriminering inom den internationella rätten vilken aldrig var ämnad att existera och vilken skapar en sårbarhet i fråga om säkerställandet av flickor och kvinnors mänskliga rättigheter.
Uppsatsen redogör därför för möjligheten att kodifiera könsapartheid, apartheidbrottet innehåller inte enbart ett förbud att direkt utöva diskriminering utan också för parter att direkt stödja, uppmuntra eller samarbeta med en apartheid-stat. Detta skiljer sig från kvinnokonventionen som endast fastslår att konventionsstater ska vidta ”lämpliga åtgärder” för att främja jämställdheten och avskaffa all form av diskriminering av flickor och kvinnor. Uppsatsen redo-gör också för skillnaderna mellan förföljelsebrottet och apartheidbrottet. Det sistnämnda innehåller komponenten av institutionaliserad diskriminering vilket det förstnämnda inte gör. Därför inkluderades dessa två brott som två distinkta brott i Romstadgan.
Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att det rådande regelverket inte är fullständigt och att en kodifiering av könsapartheid inom den internationella rätten skulle bidra till en ökning av skyddet mot diskriminering för flickor och kvinnor. Uppsatsen redogör också för det stöd som finns för att kodifiera könsapartheid genom en justering av det tilltänkta utkastet till konventionen om brott mot mänskligheten. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9161643
- author
- Tengemark, Linnea LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Women, Life, Freedom - Genderapartheid and International Law
- course
- JURM02 20241
- year
- 2024
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- folkrätt, könsapartheid
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9161643
- date added to LUP
- 2024-09-23 11:37:23
- date last changed
- 2024-09-23 11:37:23
@misc{9161643, abstract = {{The Taliban regime has regained power in Afghanistan after a 20-year occu-pation by America. The Taliban regime has imposed a ban on girls participat-ing in education and erased girls and women from the public sphere. Girls and women have been restricted to stay at home, unable to move freely without a state recognized male companion. Girls and women are subjected to serious discrimination on the sole basis that they are girls and women. This very seri-ous form of discrimination has been called gender apartheid, which is not a legally recognized term. The master thesis describes and analyses the serious discrimination that girls and women fall victim to in the ultra-patriarchal society of Afghanistan. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the current international legal frame-work with the intention of investigating whether there is an opportunity to expand the protection for girls and women who are exposed to serious dis-crimination. The thesis also aims to answer the question of whether a codifica-tion of gender apartheid would have any impact on the international legal framework. The thesis describes the international legal framework and states that there are a significant number of conventions that ensure the human rights of girls and women, but these become ineffective for the individual because Afghanistan has not joined the current additional protocols that contains the enforcement mechanisms. The thesis also describes the possibility for a state affiliated to a convention to refer a dispute to the International Court. Since Afghanistan joined the Women’s Convention without any reservations, Afghanistan falls under the court’s jurisdiction and the court can thus hear a potential dispute between Afghanistan and another state affiliated with the convention. The thesis also describes the possibilities for a member state to refer to the criminal court “a situation in which one or more crimes covered by the Court’s juris-diction have been committed”. The thesis, on the one hand, states that there is a possibility of bringing Af-ghanistan to justice before the International Court of Justice for the serious violations that girls and women are subjected to. On the other hand, the thesis makes visible an unofficial hierarchy created between gender discrimination and racial discrimination within the international law which was never intend-ed to exist in the first place, and which creates a vulnerability in terms of ensuring the human rights of girls and women. The thesis therefore explains the possibility of codifying gender apartheid, the apartheid crime does not only contain a prohibition to directly practice dis-crimination but also for parties to directly abet, encourage or cooperate in the commission of the crime of apartheid. This differs from the Women’s Con-vention, which only states that states affiliated with the convention must take “appropriate measures” to promote gender equality and abolish all forms of discrimination against women. The thesis also explains the differences between the crime of persecution and the crime of apartheid. The latter contains the component of institutionalized discrimination, which the former does not. Therefore, these two crimes were included as two distinct crimes in the Rome Statute when it was established. The thesis concludes that the current regulatory framework is not complete and that a codification of gender apartheid in International Law would contribute to increasing the protection against serious discrimination and gross hu-man rights violations of girls and women. The thesis also outlines the support that exists for codifying gender apartheid through an adjustment to the proposed draft of the Convention on Crimes against Humanity.}}, author = {{Tengemark, Linnea}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Kvinna, Liv, Frihet - könsapartheid och internationell rätt}}, year = {{2024}}, }