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Identifying mutants that prevent S. pombe with compromised wee1 and mik1 function from growing

Börjeson Kennedy, Anna LU (2024) KBKM05 20241
Pure and Applied Biochemistry
Computational Chemistry
Abstract
In this study the yeast S. pombe is used to try to find genes which can (potentially in the future) be targeted in cancer cells to stop the cells from growing. WEE1 is a kinase important for proper cell-cycle progression, as it inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases activity. It is overexpressed in many cancers and many studies are being done researching how WEE1 inhibitors can be used as a cancer treatment. Unfortunately WEE1 inhibition has shown to be toxic, but lowering the dose of inhibitor at the same time as inhibiting another protein in the same pathway (PKMYT1 in humans, mik1 in S. pombe) could lead to a low-dose combinational treatment.
The aim of this study is to find other genes (besides wee1 and mik1) which play a role in... (More)
In this study the yeast S. pombe is used to try to find genes which can (potentially in the future) be targeted in cancer cells to stop the cells from growing. WEE1 is a kinase important for proper cell-cycle progression, as it inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases activity. It is overexpressed in many cancers and many studies are being done researching how WEE1 inhibitors can be used as a cancer treatment. Unfortunately WEE1 inhibition has shown to be toxic, but lowering the dose of inhibitor at the same time as inhibiting another protein in the same pathway (PKMYT1 in humans, mik1 in S. pombe) could lead to a low-dose combinational treatment.
The aim of this study is to find other genes (besides wee1 and mik1) which play a role in inhibiting CDKs activity. This could lead to the development of a more effective multiple low-dose treatment against cancer, as there would be more genes to target. In the colonies which do grow there are back-up pathways which are up-regulated, making the cells viable. We were looking for the colonies which did not grow, as these back-up pathways would instead be shut off. The idea is to do a loss-of-function genetic screen. The mutations will be the result of random mutations, since no mutating agents are used. After isolation of a mutant, the mutant strain and the original strain can be compared, showing which genes have lost function in the mutant. These identified genes are essential for the cells to grow, and developing drugs which can inhibit these can be interesting in future cancer therapies.
By using a temperature-sensitive strain (mik1Δ wee1-50(TS)) which deactivates both mik1 and wee1 at higher temperatures, a loss-of-function genetic screen was conducted as the colonies which grew slow, and stayed small, were re-plated and isolated. Unfortunately no mutants of interest would grow well enough to form colonies. This is probably due to the cells being too sick to grow fast enough. Our results suggest that the method of using Phloxine B plates, and waiting for random mutations is not a good method in doing a functional-genetic screen in these conditions. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Cancer överkommer kroppens immunförsvar och andra tumör-bekämpande system, bland annat genom att öka eller minska uttrycket av vissa gener. Gener som är viktiga för cell-cykelprogressionen är ofta påverkade. Till exempel är genen wee1 ofta överuttryckt i cancer. wee1s funktion är att koda för ett protein som förhindrar att cellen fortsätter i cellcykeln om den har trasigt DNA. Ett förslag på cancerterapi som har studerats är att använda sig av Adavorsertib, en WEE1 inhiberande molekyl som resulterar i att cancercellerna genomgår cellcykeln, även med trasigt DNA, så att de dör. Problemet som har uppkommit är att dosen som behövs i människor är toxisk. En lösning som har studerats är att istället använda sig av en multipel-låg-dos-strategi.... (More)
Cancer överkommer kroppens immunförsvar och andra tumör-bekämpande system, bland annat genom att öka eller minska uttrycket av vissa gener. Gener som är viktiga för cell-cykelprogressionen är ofta påverkade. Till exempel är genen wee1 ofta överuttryckt i cancer. wee1s funktion är att koda för ett protein som förhindrar att cellen fortsätter i cellcykeln om den har trasigt DNA. Ett förslag på cancerterapi som har studerats är att använda sig av Adavorsertib, en WEE1 inhiberande molekyl som resulterar i att cancercellerna genomgår cellcykeln, även med trasigt DNA, så att de dör. Problemet som har uppkommit är att dosen som behövs i människor är toxisk. En lösning som har studerats är att istället använda sig av en multipel-låg-dos-strategi. Att använda en lägre dos av två olika molekyler som förhindrar två olika protein i samma metabola väg, vilket kan resultera i att den metabola vägen förhindras helt och hållet, trots den låga dosen. En studie har fått lovande resultat genom att inhibera generna wee1 och pkmyt1, vilket har resulterat i att cancercellerna dör då de genomgår cellcykeln med trasigt DNA.

Målet för det här arbetet har varit att hitta andra gener utöver wee1 och pkmyt1 som eventuellt hade kunnat inhiberas i ett framtida läkemedel. Detta gjordes genom att odla fram jästcellen S. pombe där wee1 och mik1 (pkmyt1 i människor) var helt eller nästan helt avstängda. Tanken är då att i jästcellerna som växer är andra metabola vägar uppreglerade, för att cellerna ska kunna överleva utan wee1 och mik1. Genom att leta efter kolonier som inte klarade av att växa, hoppades man kunna hitta mutanter där dessa uppreglerade gener istället var avstängda, vilket leder till att cellerna dör. Genom att identifiera generna som är avstängda har man då identifierat andra viktiga gener för cellena överlevnad, gener som i framtiden kan inhiberas i cancerläkemedel.

Tyvärr ledde inte arbetet till några resultat då det var svårt att få de sjuka jästcellerna att växa. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Börjeson Kennedy, Anna LU
supervisor
organization
course
KBKM05 20241
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
S. Pombe, Cyclin-dependent kinase, wee1, mik1, cell cycle, applied biochemistry
language
English
id
9174096
date added to LUP
2024-09-10 09:59:16
date last changed
2024-09-10 09:59:16
@misc{9174096,
  abstract     = {{In this study the yeast S. pombe is used to try to find genes which can (potentially in the future) be targeted in cancer cells to stop the cells from growing. WEE1 is a kinase important for proper cell-cycle progression, as it inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases activity. It is overexpressed in many cancers and many studies are being done researching how WEE1 inhibitors can be used as a cancer treatment. Unfortunately WEE1 inhibition has shown to be toxic, but lowering the dose of inhibitor at the same time as inhibiting another protein in the same pathway (PKMYT1 in humans, mik1 in S. pombe) could lead to a low-dose combinational treatment.
The aim of this study is to find other genes (besides wee1 and mik1) which play a role in inhibiting CDKs activity. This could lead to the development of a more effective multiple low-dose treatment against cancer, as there would be more genes to target. In the colonies which do grow there are back-up pathways which are up-regulated, making the cells viable. We were looking for the colonies which did not grow, as these back-up pathways would instead be shut off. The idea is to do a loss-of-function genetic screen. The mutations will be the result of random mutations, since no mutating agents are used. After isolation of a mutant, the mutant strain and the original strain can be compared, showing which genes have lost function in the mutant. These identified genes are essential for the cells to grow, and developing drugs which can inhibit these can be interesting in future cancer therapies.
By using a temperature-sensitive strain (mik1Δ wee1-50(TS)) which deactivates both mik1 and wee1 at higher temperatures, a loss-of-function genetic screen was conducted as the colonies which grew slow, and stayed small, were re-plated and isolated. Unfortunately no mutants of interest would grow well enough to form colonies. This is probably due to the cells being too sick to grow fast enough. Our results suggest that the method of using Phloxine B plates, and waiting for random mutations is not a good method in doing a functional-genetic screen in these conditions.}},
  author       = {{Börjeson Kennedy, Anna}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Identifying mutants that prevent S. pombe with compromised wee1 and mik1 function from growing}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}