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Vem är egentligen domaren? - En undersökning av domstolens bevisvärdering av sakkunniga psykologer i brottmål

Hemby, Hanna LU (2024) JURM02 20242
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I brottmålsförfarandet förordnas ofta sakkunniga. Sakkunniga tillför domstolarna kunskap inom ett visst ämne. Domstolarna ska fastställa bevisvärdet av den sakkunnigas slutsatser, ofta utan egen kunskap inom ämnet. Psykologer är en typ av experter som ofta förordnas som sakkunniga. Slutsatser presenterade av psykologer tenderar att vara särskilt svårbedömda då den psykologiska disciplinen är komplex. Således står domstolarna inför en stor utmaning när psykologisk vetenskap tillförs domstolen.
Det föreligger bedömningsgrunder som domstolarna bör beakta vid bevisvärderingen av den sakkunnigas slutsatser. Bedömningsgrunderna utgörs av hur partisk den sakkunniga är, vilken kvalifikation den sakkunniga besitter samt om den sakkunnigas... (More)
I brottmålsförfarandet förordnas ofta sakkunniga. Sakkunniga tillför domstolarna kunskap inom ett visst ämne. Domstolarna ska fastställa bevisvärdet av den sakkunnigas slutsatser, ofta utan egen kunskap inom ämnet. Psykologer är en typ av experter som ofta förordnas som sakkunniga. Slutsatser presenterade av psykologer tenderar att vara särskilt svårbedömda då den psykologiska disciplinen är komplex. Således står domstolarna inför en stor utmaning när psykologisk vetenskap tillförs domstolen.
Det föreligger bedömningsgrunder som domstolarna bör beakta vid bevisvärderingen av den sakkunnigas slutsatser. Bedömningsgrunderna utgörs av hur partisk den sakkunniga är, vilken kvalifikation den sakkunniga besitter samt om den sakkunnigas särskilda erfarenheter är förankrade i vetenskaplig forskning. Därutöver bör domstolarna självständigt tillämpa den sakkunnigas särskilda erfarenheter på omständigheterna i målet. Således bör domstolarna inte helt okritiskt godta den sakkunnigas särskilda erfarenhetssatser. En okritisk tillämpning av de särskilda erfarenhetssatserna äventyrar rättssäkerheten och kravet på en materiellt riktig dom. Uppsatsens syfte är att genom ett kvalitativt urval av domar i brottmål undersöka i vilken utsträckning tingsrätter och hovrätter beaktar bedömningsgrunderna vid bevisvärderingen av sakkunniga psykologers särskilda erfarenhetssatser. Vidare undersöks i vilken utsträckning domstolarnas bevisvärdering är rättssäker och huruvida kravet på en materiellt riktig dom uppfylls. Slutligen undersöks om, och i så fall vilka problem som föreligger med kategorin sakkunniga vittnen, det vill säga vittnen som också tillför sakkunskap i rätten.
Uppsatsen intar en rättsrealistisk ansats. Den rättsrealistiska ansatsens ändamål är att undersöka hur domstolar i praktiken gör. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden tillämpas i uppsatsens deskriptiva delar. I den undersökande delen tillämpas den rättsanalytiska metoden. Slutligen tillämpas den traditionella rättsvetenskapliga analysen i den avslutande, analytiska delen.
I arbetet framkommer att domstolarna inte stringent beaktar den sakkunnigas partiskhet och den sakkunnigas kvalifikationer. Vidare presenterar den sakkunniga sällan vetenskapligt stöd för de särskilda erfarenhetssatserna. Avsaknad av vetenskapligt stöd påverkar inte nämnvärt bevisvärdet av de särskilda erfarenhetssatserna. Därutöver är domstolarna inte genomgående självständiga vid tillämpningen av den sakkunnigas särskilda erfarenhetssatser utan godtar dem alltför okritiskt. Risken är att de särskilda erfarenhetssatserna tillmäts oberättigat högt bevisvärde. Det leder till materiellt felaktig dom. Bevisvärderingen är följaktligen inte tillräckligt rättssäker. Avslutningsvis konstateras att sakkunniga vittnen är alltför partiska och innehar sällan gedigen kvalifikation. Sakkunniga vittnen benämns dessutom systematiskt som ”vittnen”. Följden blir att motparter ges sämre möjlighet att åberopa motbevisning. Därutöver försvåras domstolarnas bevisvärdering ytterligare av att vittnesutsagor och sakkunnigutlåtanden sammanblandas.
I uppsatsen framkommer flertalet förslag på hur en rättssäker bevisvärdering och en materiellt riktig dom tillfredsställs. I korthet föreslås främst sträng tillsyn av sakkunniga psykologer och att etablerade krav utarbetas på vem som får förordnas som sakkunnig. Vidare bör partssakkunniga avlägga sakkunniged. Därutöver bör standarder införas för domstolarnas bedömning av sakkunnigbevisning med ett tydligt objektivitetskriterium. Dessutom bör vittnesplikten och sakkunnigutlåtanden strikt hållas isär. (Less)
Abstract
Experts are commonly appointed in criminal cases to provide the court with relevant insight based on specialized knowledge within their area of professional experience. The court must determine the evidential value of the expert’s testimony, despite having little or no knowledge or training in the field of expertise. Conclusions provided to the court by psychologists tend to be particularly problematic due to the complexity of the human mind itself. The general inability of psychology to provide precise, quantifiable, or incontrovertible analyses can be a real challenge for the court when assigning weight to such expert testimony.
There are criteria for assessment the courts are required to consider when evaluating the merits of the... (More)
Experts are commonly appointed in criminal cases to provide the court with relevant insight based on specialized knowledge within their area of professional experience. The court must determine the evidential value of the expert’s testimony, despite having little or no knowledge or training in the field of expertise. Conclusions provided to the court by psychologists tend to be particularly problematic due to the complexity of the human mind itself. The general inability of psychology to provide precise, quantifiable, or incontrovertible analyses can be a real challenge for the court when assigning weight to such expert testimony.
There are criteria for assessment the courts are required to consider when evaluating the merits of the experts’ conclusions. These include if, to any degree, the experts’ are deemed biased, the experts’ qualifications and whether the experts’ specific knowledge theorems (”särskilda erfarenhetssatser”) are based on a high standard of scientific research. The courts must then independently apply the experts’ analysis and any conclusions to the circumstances of the case. Courts should, therefore, not uncritically accept the experts’ testimony as evidence. An uncritical inclusion of such testimony as evidence jeopardizes the compliance with the rule of law as well as the requirement for a substantively correct verdict.
The primary objective here is, through a qualitative analysis of judgements, to examine to what extent district courts and courts of appeal overtly discuss the criteria used in support of their assessment of the evidentiary value of psychologists’ presented specific knowledge theorems. A corollary objective is to examine the extent to which the evidentiary value as applied by the court is legally secure and if the requirement for a substantively correct verdict has been attained. The final objective is to examine and delineate any issues arising with the particular category of expert witnesses.
The thesis is based on a legal realist approach. The purpose of the legal realist approach is to examine what courts do in actual practice. Furthermore, traditional legal methodology is applied in the descriptive parts of the thesis. Thus, to answer the research question, legal analytical methodology is applied. Finally, the analysis is made within the framework of traditional jurisprudence.
The thesis reveals that courts do not overtly discuss the possible bias in the testimony of so-called experts or the qualifications of the experts. Furthermore, the experts rarely present scientific support for analyses. However, the absence of scientific support does not significantly affect the evidentiary value assigned to such expert analysis by the court. In addition, the courts are not consistently independent in the application of the experts’ specific knowledge theorems but rather uncritically accepts this testimony as evidence. In conclusion, there exists a real risk of expert testimony being assigned unjustified evidentiary value arises which may lead to a substantively incorrect verdict. The evaluation of evidence is, therefore, often not in compliance with the rule of law. Experts are often biased, have inadequate qualifications and present analyses which have a low standard of reliability. Expert witnesses are tautologically entitled as ”experts”. In consequence, an adversary has an unreasonably high burden for disproof. The courts’ evaluation of evidence is further compromised by the admixing of common oral testimony and expert witnesses.
The thesis presents several means by which a more legally secure evaluation of evidence in the search for a substantively correct verdict may be implemented. These suggestions are the following. The establishment of voir dire requirements for persons who may be appointed as experts. Expert witnesses called by either party are required to take an oath. Explicit standards for a court’s assessment of expert evidence with an overt objectivity criterion, and a stricter supervision of the psychologist in the courtroom. Finally, a procedure whereby common oral testimony and expert opinions are strictly separated in an evidentiary sense. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hemby, Hanna LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Who is the judge? - An examination of the court's evaluation of evidence by expert psychologists in criminal cases
course
JURM02 20242
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, processrätt, sakkunniga psykologer
language
Swedish
id
9178355
date added to LUP
2025-06-16 13:55:14
date last changed
2025-06-16 13:55:14
@misc{9178355,
  abstract     = {{Experts are commonly appointed in criminal cases to provide the court with relevant insight based on specialized knowledge within their area of professional experience. The court must determine the evidential value of the expert’s testimony, despite having little or no knowledge or training in the field of expertise. Conclusions provided to the court by psychologists tend to be particularly problematic due to the complexity of the human mind itself. The general inability of psychology to provide precise, quantifiable, or incontrovertible analyses can be a real challenge for the court when assigning weight to such expert testimony.
There are criteria for assessment the courts are required to consider when evaluating the merits of the experts’ conclusions. These include if, to any degree, the experts’ are deemed biased, the experts’ qualifications and whether the experts’ specific knowledge theorems (”särskilda erfarenhetssatser”) are based on a high standard of scientific research. The courts must then independently apply the experts’ analysis and any conclusions to the circumstances of the case. Courts should, therefore, not uncritically accept the experts’ testimony as evidence. An uncritical inclusion of such testimony as evidence jeopardizes the compliance with the rule of law as well as the requirement for a substantively correct verdict. 
The primary objective here is, through a qualitative analysis of judgements, to examine to what extent district courts and courts of appeal overtly discuss the criteria used in support of their assessment of the evidentiary value of psychologists’ presented specific knowledge theorems. A corollary objective is to examine the extent to which the evidentiary value as applied by the court is legally secure and if the requirement for a substantively correct verdict has been attained. The final objective is to examine and delineate any issues arising with the particular category of expert witnesses. 
The thesis is based on a legal realist approach. The purpose of the legal realist approach is to examine what courts do in actual practice. Furthermore, traditional legal methodology is applied in the descriptive parts of the thesis. Thus, to answer the research question, legal analytical methodology is applied. Finally, the analysis is made within the framework of traditional jurisprudence.
The thesis reveals that courts do not overtly discuss the possible bias in the testimony of so-called experts or the qualifications of the experts. Furthermore, the experts rarely present scientific support for analyses. However, the absence of scientific support does not significantly affect the evidentiary value assigned to such expert analysis by the court. In addition, the courts are not consistently independent in the application of the experts’ specific knowledge theorems but rather uncritically accepts this testimony as evidence. In conclusion, there exists a real risk of expert testimony being assigned unjustified evidentiary value arises which may lead to a substantively incorrect verdict. The evaluation of evidence is, therefore, often not in compliance with the rule of law. Experts are often biased, have inadequate qualifications and present analyses which have a low standard of reliability. Expert witnesses are tautologically entitled as ”experts”. In consequence, an adversary has an unreasonably high burden for disproof. The courts’ evaluation of evidence is further compromised by the admixing of common oral testimony and expert witnesses. 
The thesis presents several means by which a more legally secure evaluation of evidence in the search for a substantively correct verdict may be implemented. These suggestions are the following. The establishment of voir dire requirements for persons who may be appointed as experts. Expert witnesses called by either party are required to take an oath. Explicit standards for a court’s assessment of expert evidence with an overt objectivity criterion, and a stricter supervision of the psychologist in the courtroom. Finally, a procedure whereby common oral testimony and expert opinions are strictly separated in an evidentiary sense.}},
  author       = {{Hemby, Hanna}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vem är egentligen domaren? - En undersökning av domstolens bevisvärdering av sakkunniga psykologer i brottmål}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}