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Relevant orsakssamband vid straffbar oaktsamhet inom sjukvården

Henriksson Bergdahl, Lisa LU (2024) JURM02 20242
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I uppsatsen behandlas domstolars bedömning av orsakssambandet mellan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalsstraffrättsliga oaktsamhet och patienters skador eller död. Vårdpersonal är inte undantagna det straffansvar som följer av brottsbalken. Det är dock ovanligt att åtal väcks mot personal inom hälso- och sjukvården och det är ännu mer ovanligt med fällande domar i de fall som prövats av domstol. Detta beror på två saker. Dels ska vårdpersonalens agerande bedömas som straffbar oaktsamhet, dels måste relevant orsakssamband föreligga mellan vårdpersonalens agerande och den inträffade följden. Det är den sista frågan som denna uppsats syftar att undersöka. Frågan undersöks eftersom det i dessa fall i princip alltid föreligger konkurrerande... (More)
I uppsatsen behandlas domstolars bedömning av orsakssambandet mellan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalsstraffrättsliga oaktsamhet och patienters skador eller död. Vårdpersonal är inte undantagna det straffansvar som följer av brottsbalken. Det är dock ovanligt att åtal väcks mot personal inom hälso- och sjukvården och det är ännu mer ovanligt med fällande domar i de fall som prövats av domstol. Detta beror på två saker. Dels ska vårdpersonalens agerande bedömas som straffbar oaktsamhet, dels måste relevant orsakssamband föreligga mellan vårdpersonalens agerande och den inträffade följden. Det är den sista frågan som denna uppsats syftar att undersöka. Frågan undersöks eftersom det i dessa fall i princip alltid föreligger konkurrerande skadeorsaker i form av patienternas grundsjukdomar. Detta gör bedömningen av orsakssambandet mellan vårdpersonalens agerande och den inträffade följden komplicerad.

För att besvara uppsatsens syfte uppställer uppsatsen en huvudfrågeställning. Denna är hur domstolar bedömer orsakssambandet mellan hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals straffbara oaktsamhet och patienters skador eller död. Till huvudfrågeställningen uppställs även fyra underfrågeställningar. Den första underfrågeställningen är om modeller som presenterats i doktrin för att bedöma
orsakssamband återspeglas i domstolarnas bedömning. De modeller som används i uppsatsen är Ivar Strahls och Nils Jareborgs modeller för att bedöma orsakssamband. Den andra underfrågeställningen som uppställs är om det får betydelse för bedömningen av orsakssambandet vilken av författarnas modeller som används.

Därefter uppställs en tredje underfrågeställningen om det får betydelse för bedömningen av orsakssambandet om ett agerande definieras som aktivt handlande eller underlåtenhet. I uppsatsen undersöks både brott som begås genom vårdpersonalens aktiva handlande såväl som genom vårdpersonalens underlåtenhet. Eftersom vårdpersonal står i garantställning gentemot sina patienter så är det möjligt att personalen kan hållas straffrättsligt ansvarig både för sitt handlande och för sin underlåtenhet att vidta vissa åtgärder. Slutligen uppställs den fjärde underfrågeställningen om domstolarnas tolkning av beviskravet får betydelse för bedömningen av orsakssambandet.

Uppsatsens största tyngdpunkt ligger i rättsfallsstudien. I denna sker en redogörelse av nio mål från underrätter. Det avgörande i domstolarnas bedömning var huruvida det förelegat relevant orsakssamband eller inte mellan vårdpersonalens agerande och den inträffade följden. Rättsfallsstudien innehåller både mål som rör aktivt handlande och underlåtenhet. Vidare finns mål där utgången varit friande såväl som mål där utgången varit fällande. Vid genomgången av varje mål sker en analys som korresponderar med uppsatsens underfrågeställningar. Redogörelsen av målen är därför även disponerad med dessa underfrågeställningar som rubriker till målen.

I uppsatsens analys besvaras uppsatsens frågeställningar och fynden i rättsfallsstudien lyfts fram och problematiseras. Inledningsvis sker en sammanfattning av hur domstolarna i rättsfallsstudien har gått till väga för att bedöma orsakssambandet. Därefter disponeras analysen efter uppsatsens underfrågeställningar.

Uppsatsens huvudfrågeställning besvaras med att domstolarnas bedömningar av orsakssambandet varierar mellan fall och fall. Ett gemensamt drag är dock att den medicinska expertisen får stor betydelse för domstolarnas bedömningar. Vidare verkar domstolarnas bedömningar i de flesta fall innehålla någon typ av hypotetiskt inslag. I underlåtenhetsmålen är dock bedömningarna av orsakssambandet rent hypotetiska.

När det gäller första underfrågeställningen kan det konstateras att det i målen som rör underlåtenhet verkar som att domstolarnas bedömningar ligger lika nära Strahls modell som Jareborgs modell. I majoriteten av målen som rör aktivt handlande verkar det däremot som att domstolarnas bedömningar ligger närmare Strahls modell än Jareborgs modell. Om Jareborgs modell istället appliceras på målen verkar det som att något fler orsakssamband bedöms som relevanta jämfört med Strahls modell. Den andra underfrågeställningen kan alltså besvaras med att det kan få betydelse vilken av Strahl och Jareborgs modeller som används, åtminstone när det gäller relevansprövningen av orsakssambandet.

Den tredje underfrågeställningen besvaras med att det kan få betydelse om ett agerande definieras som aktivt handlande eller underlåtenhet, åtminstone när ett händelseförlopp innehåller inslag av både typer av agerande. I detta sammanhang har lyfts fram att det är viktigt att skilja på agerande som definieras som aktivt handlande och agerande som definieras som underlåtenhet. Vidare har lyfts fram att det ska hållas isär när i händelseförloppen dessa moment utspelar sig.

Slutligen har utifrån den fjärde underfrågeställningen konstaterats att domstolarna efter NJA 2014 s. 699 använt prejudikatet i bedömningarna som ett beviskrav för när orsakssamband ska anses föreligga. Detta medför att alternativa händelseförlopp och alternativa förklaringar till de skador som uppstått i praktiken ska kunna uteslutas. Användningen av prejudikatet har i uppsatsen problematiserats då det är tveksamt om omständigheterna i målen i rättsfallsstudien är tillräckligt lika omständigheterna i prejudikatet. (Less)
Abstract
The present study examines the court's evaluation of the causal relationship between the criminal negligence of healthcare professionals and the subsequent injury or death of patients. Healthcare professionals are not exempt from criminal liability under the Criminal Code. However, prosecutions of healthcare professionals are uncommon, and convictions in cases tried by the courts are even rarer. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the behaviour of healthcare professionals must be assessed as criminal negligence. Secondly, there must be a relevant causal relation between the healthcare professional's behaviour and the consequences. The latter question is the subject of this paper, as in such cases, there are almost always competing causes... (More)
The present study examines the court's evaluation of the causal relationship between the criminal negligence of healthcare professionals and the subsequent injury or death of patients. Healthcare professionals are not exempt from criminal liability under the Criminal Code. However, prosecutions of healthcare professionals are uncommon, and convictions in cases tried by the courts are even rarer. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the behaviour of healthcare professionals must be assessed as criminal negligence. Secondly, there must be a relevant causal relation between the healthcare professional's behaviour and the consequences. The latter question is the subject of this paper, as in such cases, there are almost always competing causes of injury in the form of the patient's underlying diseases. This complicates the assessment of the causal relationship between the behaviour of the healthcare professionals and the subsequent consequences.

One main research question is posed in order to address the objective of the paper. This is how courts assess the causal relationship between healthcare professionals' criminal negligence and patients' injury or death. The main research question is accompanied by four sub-questions. The initial sub-question is whether models presented in doctrine for assessing causation are reflected in the judicial decisions of the courts. The models used in the study are those developed by Ivar Strahl and Nils Jareborg, which are specifically designed for the assessment of causation. The second sub-question focuses on the significance of the choice of models, particularly whether it holds any significant weight in the evaluation of causation.

The third sub-question posed is whether it is significant for assessing causality if a behaviour is defined as active action or omission. The paper examines both offences committed through the active conduct of health professionals and through the omission of health professionals. Given their role as guarantors of their patient's well-being, healthcare professionals can be held criminally liable for both their actions and their failure to take specific measures. Finally, the fourth sub-question posed is whether the court's interpretation of the standard of proof impacts the assessment of the causal relation.

The main focus of the present paper is the case law study. This involves an account of nine cases from lower courts. The decisive factor in the court's judgment was whether or not there was a relevant causal relation between the actions of the healthcare staff and the subsequent consequences. The case law study includes both cases involving active behaviour and omissions. Furthermore, there are cases where the outcome was acquittal, as well as cases where the outcome was conviction. In the review of each case, an analysis is conducted that corresponds to the sub-questions of the thesis. Consequently, the description of the cases is organised with these sub-questions as headings for the cases.

The analysis responses to the questions posed in the paper while highlighting and problematising the findings from the case law study. Initially, a summary is provided of how the courts in the case law analysis have proceeded to assess the causal relation. The subsequent analysis is structured in accordance with the sub-questions posed in the thesis.

The main question posed in this study is answered by the fact that the courts' assessments of causality vary from case to case. However, a recurring theme is the significant weight given to medical expertise in the court's rulings. Additionally, in most cases, the courts' decisions appear to contain a hypothetical element. However, in cases involving omission, the judgement of causal relation is entirely hypothetical.

In response to the initial inquiry, it is noteworthy that judicial decisions in cases concerning omission appear to demonstrate a close alignment with both the Strahl and Jareborg models. However, in many cases involving active behaviour, there seems to be a greater tendency for the courts to align with the Strahl model as compared to the Jareborg model. When Jareborg's model is applied, slightly more causal relationships are assessed as relevant compared to Strahl's model. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model used considerably impacts on the assessment of causal relationships.

The response to the third sub-question indicates that the distinction between active action and omission may be significant, particularly when a sequence of events involves components of both types of behaviours. In this context, it has been emphasised that it is important to distinguish between behaviour defined as active conduct and conduct defined as omission. It is also crucial to maintain a clear distinction between these elements as they occur in the course of events.

Finally, based on the fourth sub-question, it has been established that, since NJA 2014 p. 699, the courts have applied the precedent in the judgements as a requirement of proof for when a causal relation is to be considered to exist. This means that alternative courses of events and explanations for the damage that has occurred must be excluded in practice. The use of the precedent has been problematized in the paper, as it remains uncertain whether the circumstances in the case law study are sufficiently comparable to those in the precedent. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Henriksson Bergdahl, Lisa LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Relevant causation for criminal negligence in healthcare
course
JURM02 20242
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
allmän rättslära, jurisprudence, relevant orsakssamband, causation
language
Swedish
id
9179191
date added to LUP
2025-01-15 12:09:12
date last changed
2025-01-15 14:43:40
@misc{9179191,
  abstract     = {{The present study examines the court's evaluation of the causal relationship between the criminal negligence of healthcare professionals and the subsequent injury or death of patients. Healthcare professionals are not exempt from criminal liability under the Criminal Code. However, prosecutions of healthcare professionals are uncommon, and convictions in cases tried by the courts are even rarer. This is due to two reasons. Firstly, the behaviour of healthcare professionals must be assessed as criminal negligence. Secondly, there must be a relevant causal relation between the healthcare professional's behaviour and the consequences. The latter question is the subject of this paper, as in such cases, there are almost always competing causes of injury in the form of the patient's underlying diseases. This complicates the assessment of the causal relationship between the behaviour of the healthcare professionals and the subsequent consequences.

One main research question is posed in order to address the objective of the paper. This is how courts assess the causal relationship between healthcare professionals' criminal negligence and patients' injury or death. The main research question is accompanied by four sub-questions. The initial sub-question is whether models presented in doctrine for assessing causation are reflected in the judicial decisions of the courts. The models used in the study are those developed by Ivar Strahl and Nils Jareborg, which are specifically designed for the assessment of causation. The second sub-question focuses on the significance of the choice of models, particularly whether it holds any significant weight in the evaluation of causation.

The third sub-question posed is whether it is significant for assessing causality if a behaviour is defined as active action or omission. The paper examines both offences committed through the active conduct of health professionals and through the omission of health professionals. Given their role as guarantors of their patient's well-being, healthcare professionals can be held criminally liable for both their actions and their failure to take specific measures. Finally, the fourth sub-question posed is whether the court's interpretation of the standard of proof impacts the assessment of the causal relation.

The main focus of the present paper is the case law study. This involves an account of nine cases from lower courts. The decisive factor in the court's judgment was whether or not there was a relevant causal relation between the actions of the healthcare staff and the subsequent consequences. The case law study includes both cases involving active behaviour and omissions. Furthermore, there are cases where the outcome was acquittal, as well as cases where the outcome was conviction. In the review of each case, an analysis is conducted that corresponds to the sub-questions of the thesis. Consequently, the description of the cases is organised with these sub-questions as headings for the cases.

The analysis responses to the questions posed in the paper while highlighting and problematising the findings from the case law study. Initially, a summary is provided of how the courts in the case law analysis have proceeded to assess the causal relation. The subsequent analysis is structured in accordance with the sub-questions posed in the thesis.

The main question posed in this study is answered by the fact that the courts' assessments of causality vary from case to case. However, a recurring theme is the significant weight given to medical expertise in the court's rulings. Additionally, in most cases, the courts' decisions appear to contain a hypothetical element. However, in cases involving omission, the judgement of causal relation is entirely hypothetical.

In response to the initial inquiry, it is noteworthy that judicial decisions in cases concerning omission appear to demonstrate a close alignment with both the Strahl and Jareborg models. However, in many cases involving active behaviour, there seems to be a greater tendency for the courts to align with the Strahl model as compared to the Jareborg model. When Jareborg's model is applied, slightly more causal relationships are assessed as relevant compared to Strahl's model. Therefore, it can be concluded that the model used considerably impacts on the assessment of causal relationships.

The response to the third sub-question indicates that the distinction between active action and omission may be significant, particularly when a sequence of events involves components of both types of behaviours. In this context, it has been emphasised that it is important to distinguish between behaviour defined as active conduct and conduct defined as omission. It is also crucial to maintain a clear distinction between these elements as they occur in the course of events.

Finally, based on the fourth sub-question, it has been established that, since NJA 2014 p. 699, the courts have applied the precedent in the judgements as a requirement of proof for when a causal relation is to be considered to exist. This means that alternative courses of events and explanations for the damage that has occurred must be excluded in practice. The use of the precedent has been problematized in the paper, as it remains uncertain whether the circumstances in the case law study are sufficiently comparable to those in the precedent.}},
  author       = {{Henriksson Bergdahl, Lisa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Relevant orsakssamband vid straffbar oaktsamhet inom sjukvården}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}