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Från människa till maskin: Hur bör avtalsmekanismen anpassas för autonoma system? En analys av avtalslagen och viljeförklaringsbegreppets roll vid autonoma avtalsslut

Eriksson, Hilda LU (2024) LAGF03 20242
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I över 100 år har den svenska avtalslagen varit i kraft. Under majoriteten av dessa år har avtalslagen och dess förarbeten utgjort en stabil grund för avtals-mekanismen. De metoder för avtalsslut som lagen ursprungligen utformades för skiljer sig avsevärt från dagens möjligheter. Trots detta har avtalslagen hittills visat sig flexibel nog att hantera moderna utmaningar och lösa problem även i nya kontexter för avtalsslut såsom när e-post tog över från fysiska brev.

Numera ställs avtalsrätten inför ytterligare en ny och modern utmaning nämli-gen automatiska elektroniska avtal. Dessa skiljer sig från äldre elektroniska avtal genom att de är helt avpersonifierade. Själva avtalsslutet sker automatiskt genom elektroniska system. Uppsatsens... (More)
I över 100 år har den svenska avtalslagen varit i kraft. Under majoriteten av dessa år har avtalslagen och dess förarbeten utgjort en stabil grund för avtals-mekanismen. De metoder för avtalsslut som lagen ursprungligen utformades för skiljer sig avsevärt från dagens möjligheter. Trots detta har avtalslagen hittills visat sig flexibel nog att hantera moderna utmaningar och lösa problem även i nya kontexter för avtalsslut såsom när e-post tog över från fysiska brev.

Numera ställs avtalsrätten inför ytterligare en ny och modern utmaning nämli-gen automatiska elektroniska avtal. Dessa skiljer sig från äldre elektroniska avtal genom att de är helt avpersonifierade. Själva avtalsslutet sker automatiskt genom elektroniska system. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur ett kyl-skåps ingående av avtal kan tillskrivas ägaren. Frågan berör alltså hur väl avtalsrätten kan ta sig an utmaningen vad gäller ett avtals ingående utan mänsklig inblandning.

För att besvara frågeställningen kommer de konstruktioner som presenteras i doktrin att kritiskt granskas. Till följd av granskningen blir en central fråga om viljeförklaringsbegreppets betydelse som traditionellt anses vara avgörandet för ett avtals ingående. Uppsatsen undersöker om begreppet fortfarande är nödvändigt i en värld av automatiserade avtal och hur rättssubjektets vilja kan uttryckas när det inte finns någon mänsklig aktör involverad. Grönfors menar att i vissa situationer kan rättstillämparen överge viljeförklaringsbegreppet, medan Lehrberg anser att ett sådant steg skulle vara för drastiskt. Samuelsson hävdar att viljeförklaringsbegreppet är tillräckligt flexibelt begrepp för att fortsättningsvis kunna tillämpas.
Uppsatsen kommer fram till att en analogisk tolkning med fullmaktssystemet och en tolkning som ger en hypotetisk viljeförklaring bör avfärdas. I stället landar uppsatsen i att avtalsgrundande rättsfakta bör tillämpas vid autonoma avtalsslut. Därmed är konstaterandet av viljeförklaringar inte nödvändiga i autonoma avtalsmiljöer. Slutsatsen grundas på AvtL:s systematik och syfte, med hänsyn till de förändringar som har skett inom avtalsrätten sedan lagens tillkomst samt de praktiska behov som föreligger i dagens samhälle. (Less)
Abstract
The Contract Act has been in force for over 100 years. For the majority of these years, the Contract Act and its preparatory works have provided a stable basis for the contract mechanism. The methods of contracting for which the law was originally designed differ significantly from today's possibilities. Nevertheless, the Contract Act has so far proved flexible enough to cope with modern challenges and solve problems even in new contexts of contracting such as the digitalization of the letter format.

Nowadays, contract law faces another new and modern challenge, namely automatic electronic contracts. These differ from older electronic contracts in that they are completely depersonalized. The actual conclusion of the contract is done... (More)
The Contract Act has been in force for over 100 years. For the majority of these years, the Contract Act and its preparatory works have provided a stable basis for the contract mechanism. The methods of contracting for which the law was originally designed differ significantly from today's possibilities. Nevertheless, the Contract Act has so far proved flexible enough to cope with modern challenges and solve problems even in new contexts of contracting such as the digitalization of the letter format.

Nowadays, contract law faces another new and modern challenge, namely automatic electronic contracts. These differ from older electronic contracts in that they are completely depersonalized. The actual conclusion of the contract is done automatically through electronic systems. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how the conclusion of a contract by a refrigerator through its autonomous electronic system can be attributed to the owner of the refrigerator. The question concerns how well contract law can deal with the challenge of concluding a contract without human intervention.

To answer this question, the constructions presented in the doctrine will be critically examined. As a result of the review, a central question will be the meaning of the declaration of intent, which is traditionally considered to be the determining factor for the conclusion of a contract. The paper examines whether the concept is still necessary in a world of automated contracts and how the will of the legal subject can be expressed when there is no human actor involved. Grönfors argues that in certain situations the legal practitioner can abandon the concept of vol-untariness, while Lehrberg considers that such a step would be too drastic. Samuelsson argues that the concept of declaration of intention is sufficiently flexible to continue to be applied.
The paper concludes that an analogous interpretation with the power of attorney system and an interpretation providing a hypothetical declaration of intent should be dismissed. Instead, the paper concludes that contractual legal facts should be applied in autonomous contracting. Thus, the finding of declarations of intent is not necessary in autonomous contractual environments. The conclusion is based on the systematics and purpose of the Contracts Act, tak-ing into account the changes that have taken place in contract law since the Act's inception and the practical needs of today's society. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Eriksson, Hilda LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20242
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, avtalsmekanismen, autonoma system, viljeförklaring
language
Swedish
id
9179325
date added to LUP
2025-03-20 13:57:54
date last changed
2025-03-20 13:57:54
@misc{9179325,
  abstract     = {{The Contract Act has been in force for over 100 years. For the majority of these years, the Contract Act and its preparatory works have provided a stable basis for the contract mechanism. The methods of contracting for which the law was originally designed differ significantly from today's possibilities. Nevertheless, the Contract Act has so far proved flexible enough to cope with modern challenges and solve problems even in new contexts of contracting such as the digitalization of the letter format. 
 
Nowadays, contract law faces another new and modern challenge, namely automatic electronic contracts. These differ from older electronic contracts in that they are completely depersonalized. The actual conclusion of the contract is done automatically through electronic systems. The purpose of the paper is to investigate how the conclusion of a contract by a refrigerator through its autonomous electronic system can be attributed to the owner of the refrigerator. The question concerns how well contract law can deal with the challenge of concluding a contract without human intervention. 

To answer this question, the constructions presented in the doctrine will be critically examined. As a result of the review, a central question will be the meaning of the declaration of intent, which is traditionally considered to be the determining factor for the conclusion of a contract. The paper examines whether the concept is still necessary in a world of automated contracts and how the will of the legal subject can be expressed when there is no human actor involved. Grönfors argues that in certain situations the legal practitioner can abandon the concept of vol-untariness, while Lehrberg considers that such a step would be too drastic. Samuelsson argues that the concept of declaration of intention is sufficiently flexible to continue to be applied. 
The paper concludes that an analogous interpretation with the power of attorney system and an interpretation providing a hypothetical declaration of intent should be dismissed. Instead, the paper concludes that contractual legal facts should be applied in autonomous contracting. Thus, the finding of declarations of intent is not necessary in autonomous contractual environments. The conclusion is based on the systematics and purpose of the Contracts Act, tak-ing into account the changes that have taken place in contract law since the Act's inception and the practical needs of today's society.}},
  author       = {{Eriksson, Hilda}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Från människa till maskin: Hur bör avtalsmekanismen anpassas för autonoma system? En analys av avtalslagen och viljeförklaringsbegreppets roll vid autonoma avtalsslut}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}