Upphovsrätt till brukskonst och bruksanvisningar - I ljuset av konsumentens rätt till reparation
(2024) JURM02 20242Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- In 2023 the Swedish government presented a strategy for how to implement a circular economy. At the same time, several EU directives have come into force during 2024 that aims to regulate how more consumer products can be repaired to prolong their life cycle. One aspect to consider when pursuing a more circular economy through reparation is how copyright to products and user manuals affects the possibility of having those products repaired. In 2022 the Swedish patent and market court (PMD) determined that a chair cushion was covered by copyright. This meant that the repairer who had produced the cushion, had infringed the original producer’s copyright since the production was considered to be unauthorized reproduction. At the same time a... (More)
- In 2023 the Swedish government presented a strategy for how to implement a circular economy. At the same time, several EU directives have come into force during 2024 that aims to regulate how more consumer products can be repaired to prolong their life cycle. One aspect to consider when pursuing a more circular economy through reparation is how copyright to products and user manuals affects the possibility of having those products repaired. In 2022 the Swedish patent and market court (PMD) determined that a chair cushion was covered by copyright. This meant that the repairer who had produced the cushion, had infringed the original producer’s copyright since the production was considered to be unauthorized reproduction. At the same time a discussion on whether copyright to manuals might prevent repairs have taken place in light of the right to repair-movement.
According to the Swedish consumer sales act, the consumer can choose between several remedies when a purchased product is defective. The primary remedies are repair or replacement. The consumer is free to choose one of these remedies as long as the chosen remedy is not impossible or would impose costs on the seller that would be disproportionate. This freedom of choice aims to give the consumer the opportunity to choose the more sustainable alternative repair and therefore contribute to the circular economy.
Regarding copyright to applied art and manuals, the originality requirement for a work to be covered by copyright is relatively low. The Swedish patent and market court of appeal (PMÖD) has in several cases determined function-al applied art to be sufficiently original. The same goes for manuals, as a descriptive literary work, that generally should be able to meet the requirements for originality, so long as there has been room for free and creative choices in the creation of the text.
In relation to copyright to applied art, the cover for spare parts could become an obstacle to repair. When spare parts meet the requirements for originality they are covered by the copyright holders’s exclusive rights, including the right to reproduce the work. When that is the case the copyright holder can prevent others from reproducing spare parts, which may make repair an in-accessible option. The same issue can arise considering copyright to manuals. Since those kinds of texts could be covered by copyright, the producer of the product can prevent others from copying the instructions for the product, ma-king repair harder. When that is the case, products that could be repaired risks being scrapped when the consumer opts for a new product instead.
The only copyright exception that possibly could solve these identified problem is found in article 5.3 l of the Infosoc Directive. However, this provision has an unclear scope of application and has not been incorporated into Swedish law. Without guidance from the European Court of Justice it is difficult to draw any conclusion of whether this copyright limitation can be applied to make reparation possible.
To further encourage consumers to choose reparation instead of replacement several new EU acts have come into force. Directive 2024/1799 includes a rule regarding the producers responsibility to repair defective products. The provision only applies to certain specified products and will exist alongside the sellers responsibility in the consumer sales act. This new rule therefore is unlikely to solve the issue with repair being hindered when spare parts to applied art and manuals are covered by copyright. The new directive also includes a provision that states that the seller's responsibility period will be extended if consumers choose to repair. The provision aims to be an incentive for consumers to choose the more sustainable alternative. The paper argues that it is questionable if the provision is enough to convince consumers to choose reparation. Consumers are still free to opt for replacement. The risk is that if applied art and manuals are covered by the copyright’s exclusive rights, sel-lers will choose to give consumers a new product to avoid infringement. Similarly, it can lead to consumers opting against reparation because of a lack of information on how to repair a product or because spare parts are not available. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Den svenska regeringen presenterade år 2023 en strategi för hur vi ska ställa om till en cirkulär ekonomi. Samtidigt har ett antal nya EU-direktiv år 2024 trätt i kraft som tar sikte på regler för hur fler konsumentprodukter kan repareras för att få en förlängd livscykel. En aspekt att beakta vid strävan mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi genom nya konsumentregler för produkter är hur upphovs-rätten till de produkter som behöver repareras påverkar möjligheten att få en vara reparerad. PMD meddelade år 2022 en dom där en fåtöljdyna ansågs omfattas av upphovsrätt. Detta ledde till att den reparatör som genom tillverkningen av dynan reparerat fåtöljen, hade gjort intrång i originaltillverkarens upphovsrätt eftersom tillverkningen utgjorde en... (More)
- Den svenska regeringen presenterade år 2023 en strategi för hur vi ska ställa om till en cirkulär ekonomi. Samtidigt har ett antal nya EU-direktiv år 2024 trätt i kraft som tar sikte på regler för hur fler konsumentprodukter kan repareras för att få en förlängd livscykel. En aspekt att beakta vid strävan mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi genom nya konsumentregler för produkter är hur upphovs-rätten till de produkter som behöver repareras påverkar möjligheten att få en vara reparerad. PMD meddelade år 2022 en dom där en fåtöljdyna ansågs omfattas av upphovsrätt. Detta ledde till att den reparatör som genom tillverkningen av dynan reparerat fåtöljen, hade gjort intrång i originaltillverkarens upphovsrätt eftersom tillverkningen utgjorde en otillåten exemplarframställning. Det har samtidigt även diskuterats huruvida en eventuell upphovsrätt till bruksanvisningar för konsumentvaror kan hindra reparation i ljuset av right to repair-rörelsen.
Enligt den svenska konsumentköplagen har konsumenter ett antal påföljder att välja mellan när en vara köpt av en näringsidkare innehåller fel. De primära påföljderna är avhjälpande eller omleverans. Konsumenten är fri att välja en av dessa åtgärder så länge den valda åtgärden inte är omöjlig eller medför oskäliga kostnader. Valfriheten finns till för att ge konsumenten möjlighet att välja det mer hållbara alternativet avhjälpande och därmed bidra till den cirkulära ekonomin.
Gällande upphovsrätt till brukskonst och bruksanvisningar är det originalitetskrav som gäller för att ett verk ska omfattas av skyddet relativt lågt. PMÖD har i flera mål ansett olika typer av funktionella bruksföremål är tillräckligt originella. Även bruksanvisningar, i egenskap av ett beskrivande litterärt verk, bör kunna uppfylla originalitetskravet under förutsättning att det vid utformningen av texten finns utrymme för fria och kreativa val.
I förhållande till upphovsrätten till brukskonst kan skyddet för reservdelar bli ett hinder mot att reparation blir av. När reservdelar uppfyller kraven på originalitet omfattas de av upphovsmannens ensamrätt vilket bland annat innefattar rätten att framställa exemplar av verket. När så är fallet kan upphovsmannen hindra andra från att tillverka reservdelen, vilket möjligen gör reparation till ett otillgängligt val. När det gäller upphovsrätten till bruksanvisningar kan samma problematik göra sig gällande. Eftersom sådana texter kan omfattas av ett upphovsrättsligt skydd kan tillverkaren hindra andra från att kopiera en manual till en produkt som behöver repareras. Om tillräcklig information inte finns tillgänglig om hur varan repareras riskeras produkter som går att av-hjälpa att skrotas när konsumenten i stället får en ny vara.
Den enda upphovsrättsliga inskränkning som möjligen skulle kunna lösa de identifierade problemen är Infosoc-direktivets artikel 5.3 l. Denna regel har däremot ett oklart tillämpningsområde och är i nuläget inte införd i svensk rätt. Det går inte utan vägledning från EU-domstolen att dra några slutsatser om undantaget kan tillämpas för att möjliggöra reparationer.
För att ytterligare främja att konsumenter väljer reparation i stället för omleverans har flera nya EU-rättsakter trätt i kraft. I direktiv 2024/1799 återfinns en regel om tillverkarens ansvar att reparera felaktiga varor. Regeln gäller bara vissa särskilt angivna produkter och gäller parallellt med säljarens ansvar i konsumentköplagen. Den nya regeln löser sannolikt därför inte problemet med att reparation hindras när reservdelar till bruksföremål innehar upphovs-rätt. Direktivet innehåller även regel om att säljarens ansvarstid för att åtgärda en felaktig vara förlängs om konsumenten väljer avhjälpande. Bestämmelsen har som syfte att vara ett incitament för att konsumenter ska välja det mer håll-bara alternativet. I uppsatsen argumenteras det för att det är tveksamt om regeln är tillräcklig för att övertyga konsumenter om att välja reparation. Konsumenten kan fortfarande lika fritt välja att få en ny produkt. Risken blir om brukskonst och bruksanvisningar omfattas av ensamrätt att framställa exemplar att säljare väljer att ge konsumenten en ny vara för att undvika intrång. På samma sätt kan det riskera leda till att konsumenten väljer bort reparation för att information om reparation är otillräcklig eller för att reservdelar inte finns tillgängliga. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9179395
- author
- Hernqvist, Matilda LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Copyright in applied art and user manuals - In the light of the consumer's right to repair
- course
- JURM02 20242
- year
- 2024
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- civilrätt, immaterialrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, EU-rätt
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9179395
- date added to LUP
- 2025-01-22 14:58:30
- date last changed
- 2025-01-22 14:58:30
@misc{9179395, abstract = {{In 2023 the Swedish government presented a strategy for how to implement a circular economy. At the same time, several EU directives have come into force during 2024 that aims to regulate how more consumer products can be repaired to prolong their life cycle. One aspect to consider when pursuing a more circular economy through reparation is how copyright to products and user manuals affects the possibility of having those products repaired. In 2022 the Swedish patent and market court (PMD) determined that a chair cushion was covered by copyright. This meant that the repairer who had produced the cushion, had infringed the original producer’s copyright since the production was considered to be unauthorized reproduction. At the same time a discussion on whether copyright to manuals might prevent repairs have taken place in light of the right to repair-movement. According to the Swedish consumer sales act, the consumer can choose between several remedies when a purchased product is defective. The primary remedies are repair or replacement. The consumer is free to choose one of these remedies as long as the chosen remedy is not impossible or would impose costs on the seller that would be disproportionate. This freedom of choice aims to give the consumer the opportunity to choose the more sustainable alternative repair and therefore contribute to the circular economy. Regarding copyright to applied art and manuals, the originality requirement for a work to be covered by copyright is relatively low. The Swedish patent and market court of appeal (PMÖD) has in several cases determined function-al applied art to be sufficiently original. The same goes for manuals, as a descriptive literary work, that generally should be able to meet the requirements for originality, so long as there has been room for free and creative choices in the creation of the text. In relation to copyright to applied art, the cover for spare parts could become an obstacle to repair. When spare parts meet the requirements for originality they are covered by the copyright holders’s exclusive rights, including the right to reproduce the work. When that is the case the copyright holder can prevent others from reproducing spare parts, which may make repair an in-accessible option. The same issue can arise considering copyright to manuals. Since those kinds of texts could be covered by copyright, the producer of the product can prevent others from copying the instructions for the product, ma-king repair harder. When that is the case, products that could be repaired risks being scrapped when the consumer opts for a new product instead. The only copyright exception that possibly could solve these identified problem is found in article 5.3 l of the Infosoc Directive. However, this provision has an unclear scope of application and has not been incorporated into Swedish law. Without guidance from the European Court of Justice it is difficult to draw any conclusion of whether this copyright limitation can be applied to make reparation possible. To further encourage consumers to choose reparation instead of replacement several new EU acts have come into force. Directive 2024/1799 includes a rule regarding the producers responsibility to repair defective products. The provision only applies to certain specified products and will exist alongside the sellers responsibility in the consumer sales act. This new rule therefore is unlikely to solve the issue with repair being hindered when spare parts to applied art and manuals are covered by copyright. The new directive also includes a provision that states that the seller's responsibility period will be extended if consumers choose to repair. The provision aims to be an incentive for consumers to choose the more sustainable alternative. The paper argues that it is questionable if the provision is enough to convince consumers to choose reparation. Consumers are still free to opt for replacement. The risk is that if applied art and manuals are covered by the copyright’s exclusive rights, sel-lers will choose to give consumers a new product to avoid infringement. Similarly, it can lead to consumers opting against reparation because of a lack of information on how to repair a product or because spare parts are not available.}}, author = {{Hernqvist, Matilda}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Upphovsrätt till brukskonst och bruksanvisningar - I ljuset av konsumentens rätt till reparation}}, year = {{2024}}, }