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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Om återvinning av betalning av en skuld - med ordinärrekvisitet i fokus

Gabrielsson Palmqvist, Caroline LU (2024) JURM02 20242
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This essay intends to investigate and to describe the conditions for recovery of payment of a debt according to chapter 4 § 10 KonkL and to highlight how the regulation is usually interpreted and applied. The purpose is to explain the meaning of the provision's requisites, with an in-depth look at what is meant by ordinary payment and how it is assessed whether a payment is to be regarded as ordinary or not. The material in this essay will consist of law, preparatory work, jurisprudence and doctrine, as the intention is to shed light on the legal area from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The legal dogmatic method will be applied.

The recovery rules primarily have two purposes, on the one hand to prevent creditors from... (More)
This essay intends to investigate and to describe the conditions for recovery of payment of a debt according to chapter 4 § 10 KonkL and to highlight how the regulation is usually interpreted and applied. The purpose is to explain the meaning of the provision's requisites, with an in-depth look at what is meant by ordinary payment and how it is assessed whether a payment is to be regarded as ordinary or not. The material in this essay will consist of law, preparatory work, jurisprudence and doctrine, as the intention is to shed light on the legal area from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The legal dogmatic method will be applied.

The recovery rules primarily have two purposes, on the one hand to prevent creditors from taking measures against a debtor who has found themselves in financial problems in order to get a better position in the event of bankruptcy, and on the other hand to prevent a debtor from making his assets inaccessible to the creditors in an unfair manner. Chapter 4 § 10 KonkL stipulates that payment of a debt, which has taken place later than three months before the deadline and which has been made with other than customary means of payment, prematurely or with an amount that has significantly worsened the debtor's financial position, is returned, if it cannot still be considered ordinary in view of the circum-stances. The deadline is longer in the case of related creditors. If the payment was made to someone who is close to the debtor before that but later than two years before the deadline, it goes back, unless it is shown that the debtor either was or as a result of the measure became insolvent.

Payment with unusual means of payment is the most common type of recovery case and it is characterized by the creditor receiving something different as payment than what the parties originally agreed upon. Taking back unpaid goods, buying something from the debtor for set-off purposes or as a buyer paying the debtor's debts are three main types of typically unusual means of payment. A payment that occurs prematurely is a payment that occurs before the normal and originally intended due date. The assessment is based on the content and conditions of the agreement, and the due date is the decisive time. A payment made with an amount that significantly worsened the debtor's financial position is of real importance to the creditors from a recovery point of view. It must be an amount that has a significant impact on the debtor's economic position and the dividend that the creditors can receive in the event of a subsequent bankruptcy.

The overall picture of what an ordinary payment means is that it should be considered normal and natural, and objectively speaking it should have nothing to do with the debtor's payment difficulties and impending bank-ruptcy. There are three main groups of ordinary payments. The first is payments that, regardless of the debtor's insolvency, would have been made in the same way and that were not affected by the debtor's impending bankruptcy. The second is payments typical of an insolvency situation, such as investigations into the company's chances of survival. The third type is certain payments that have taken place in accordance with an agreement where the payment difficulties were already known at the conclusion of the agreement, for example payments that take place according to an amortization plan, however, on the condition that the payment is congruent and takes place regularly according to plan.

The judging of whether a payment can be considered ordinary or not must take place through an overall assessment of all relevant circumstances in the case and be based on all external factors and conditions. It is important to assess whether the payment deviates from or is consistent with the parties' individual customs by examining how the relationship between creditor and debtor has worked for a long time in the past and how the payments used to take place. In addition, general customs also need to be considered. A judgment must be made of what is normally occurring within the industry in question, for example in terms of payment patterns. There are two different methods for assessing whether a payment is ordinary or not. One method is called the causality method and is based on the causality between the payment and the payment difficulties. A payment which, in an objective overall assessment of the circum-stances of the case, does not appear to be caused by the debtor's payment prob-lems is ordinary. The second is called the deviation method. Here, instead, it is tested whether the payment deviated from the parties' usual payment pattern or from an otherwise normal and natural payment pattern. The payments made in accordance with previous patterns must be protected against recovery. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats avser att utreda och beskriva förutsättningarna för återvinning av betalning av en skuld enligt 4 kap 10 § KonkL och att belysa hur regleringen brukar tolkas och tillämpas. Syftet är att redogöra för innebörden av bestämmelsens rekvisit, med fördjupning i vad som avses med ordinär betalning och hur det bedöms om en betalning är att anse som ordinär eller ej. Materialet i denna uppsats kommer att utgöras av lag, förarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin, då avsikten är att belysa rättsområdet ur både ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden kommer att tillämpas.

Återvinningsreglerna har framför allt två syften, dels att motverka att borgenärer företar åtgärder gentemot en gäldenär som har hamnat i... (More)
Denna uppsats avser att utreda och beskriva förutsättningarna för återvinning av betalning av en skuld enligt 4 kap 10 § KonkL och att belysa hur regleringen brukar tolkas och tillämpas. Syftet är att redogöra för innebörden av bestämmelsens rekvisit, med fördjupning i vad som avses med ordinär betalning och hur det bedöms om en betalning är att anse som ordinär eller ej. Materialet i denna uppsats kommer att utgöras av lag, förarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin, då avsikten är att belysa rättsområdet ur både ett teoretiskt och praktiskt perspektiv. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden kommer att tillämpas.

Återvinningsreglerna har framför allt två syften, dels att motverka att borgenärer företar åtgärder gentemot en gäldenär som har hamnat i ekonomiska problem för att få en bättre ställning ifall en konkurs bryter ut, dels att motverka att en gäldenär gör sina tillgångar oåtkomliga för borgenärerna på ett illojalt sätt. 4 kap 10 § KonkL stadgar att betalning av en skuld, som har skett senare än tre månader före fristdagen och som har gjorts med annat än sedvanliga betalningsmedel, i förtid eller med belopp som avsevärt har försämrat gäldenärens ekonomiska ställning, går åter, om den inte med hänsyn till omständigheterna ändå kan anses som ordinär. Tidsfristen är längre när det gäller närstående. Har betalningen skett till någon som är närstående till gäldenären dessförinnan men senare än två år före fristdagen, går den åter, om det inte visas att gäldenären vare sig var eller genom åtgärden blev insolvent.

Betalning med osedvanliga betalningsmedel utgör den vanligaste typen av åter-vinningsfall och kännetecknas av att borgenären erhåller något annat som betalning än vad parterna ursprungligen avtalat om. Att återta obetalda varor, köpa något från gäldenären i kvittningssyfte eller som köpare betala gäldenärens skulder är tre huvudtyper av typiskt sett osedvanliga betalningsmedel. En betalning som sker i förtid är en betalning som sker före den normala och ursprungligen avsedda förfallodagen. Bedömningen sker utifrån avtalets innehåll och förutsättningar, och förfallodagen är den avgörande tidpunkten. En betalning som skett med belopp som avsevärt försämrat gäldenärens ekonomiska ställning är av verklig betydelse för borgenärerna ur återvinningssynpunkt. Det måste vara fråga om ett belopp som inverkar avsevärt på gäldenärens ekonomiska ställning och den utdelning som borgenärerna kan få vid en senare inträffad konkurs. Den övergripande bilden av vad en ordinär betalning innebär är att den ska kunna anses som normal och naturlig, och den ska objektivt sett inte ha något med gäldenärens betalningssvårigheter och förestående konkurs att göra. Det finns tre huvudgrupper av ordinära betalningar. Den första är betalningar som oberoende av gäldenärens insolvens skulle ha utförts på samma sätt och som inte påverkats av gäldenärens förestående konkurs. Den andra är betalningar typiska för en insolvenssituation, såsom utredningar av företagets möjligheter att överleva. Den tredje typen är vissa betalningar som skett i enlighet med ett avtal där betalningssvårigheterna varit kända redan vid avtalets ingå-ende, till exempel betalningar som sker enligt en amorteringsplan, dock under förutsättning att betalningen är kongruent och sker regelbundet enligt plan.

Bedömningen av om en betalning kan anses som ordinär eller ej ska ske genom en helhetsbedömning av alla relevanta omständigheter i fallet och utgå ifrån samtliga yttre faktorer och förhållanden. Det är viktigt att bedöma om betalningen avviker eller överensstämmer med parternas individuella sedvanor genom att granska hur förhållandet mellan borgenär och gäldenär har fungerat under en längre tid bakåt och hur betalningarna brukat ske. Därutöver behöver också allmänna kutymer beaktas. En värdering måste göras av vad som är normalt förekommande inom den aktuella branschen, exempelvis vad gäller betalningsmönster. Det förekommer två olika metoder för bedömningen av om en betalning är ordinär eller ej. Den ena metoden benämns kausalitetsmetoden, och utgår från kausaliteten mellan betalningen och betalningssvårigheterna. En betalning som vid en objektiv helhetsbedömning av omständigheterna i fallet inte framstår som föranledd av gäldenärens betalningsproblem är ordinär. Den andra kallas för avvikelsemetoden. Här prövas i stället om betalningen avvikit från parternas gängse betalningsmönster eller från ett i övrigt normalt och naturligt betalningsmönster. De betalningar som skett i enlighet med tidigare mönster ska skyddas mot återvinning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gabrielsson Palmqvist, Caroline LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Recovery of payment - focused on ordinary payment
course
JURM02 20242
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt, konkurs, återvinning, ordinär
language
Swedish
id
9179681
date added to LUP
2025-01-22 14:57:15
date last changed
2025-01-22 14:57:15
@misc{9179681,
  abstract     = {{This essay intends to investigate and to describe the conditions for recovery of payment of a debt according to chapter 4 § 10 KonkL and to highlight how the regulation is usually interpreted and applied. The purpose is to explain the meaning of the provision's requisites, with an in-depth look at what is meant by ordinary payment and how it is assessed whether a payment is to be regarded as ordinary or not. The material in this essay will consist of law, preparatory work, jurisprudence and doctrine, as the intention is to shed light on the legal area from both a theoretical and practical perspective. The legal dogmatic method will be applied.

The recovery rules primarily have two purposes, on the one hand to prevent creditors from taking measures against a debtor who has found themselves in financial problems in order to get a better position in the event of bankruptcy, and on the other hand to prevent a debtor from making his assets inaccessible to the creditors in an unfair manner. Chapter 4 § 10 KonkL stipulates that payment of a debt, which has taken place later than three months before the deadline and which has been made with other than customary means of payment, prematurely or with an amount that has significantly worsened the debtor's financial position, is returned, if it cannot still be considered ordinary in view of the circum-stances. The deadline is longer in the case of related creditors. If the payment was made to someone who is close to the debtor before that but later than two years before the deadline, it goes back, unless it is shown that the debtor either was or as a result of the measure became insolvent.

Payment with unusual means of payment is the most common type of recovery case and it is characterized by the creditor receiving something different as payment than what the parties originally agreed upon. Taking back unpaid goods, buying something from the debtor for set-off purposes or as a buyer paying the debtor's debts are three main types of typically unusual means of payment. A payment that occurs prematurely is a payment that occurs before the normal and originally intended due date. The assessment is based on the content and conditions of the agreement, and the due date is the decisive time. A payment made with an amount that significantly worsened the debtor's financial position is of real importance to the creditors from a recovery point of view. It must be an amount that has a significant impact on the debtor's economic position and the dividend that the creditors can receive in the event of a subsequent bankruptcy. 

The overall picture of what an ordinary payment means is that it should be considered normal and natural, and objectively speaking it should have nothing to do with the debtor's payment difficulties and impending bank-ruptcy. There are three main groups of ordinary payments. The first is payments that, regardless of the debtor's insolvency, would have been made in the same way and that were not affected by the debtor's impending bankruptcy. The second is payments typical of an insolvency situation, such as investigations into the company's chances of survival. The third type is certain payments that have taken place in accordance with an agreement where the payment difficulties were already known at the conclusion of the agreement, for example payments that take place according to an amortization plan, however, on the condition that the payment is congruent and takes place regularly according to plan.

The judging of whether a payment can be considered ordinary or not must take place through an overall assessment of all relevant circumstances in the case and be based on all external factors and conditions. It is important to assess whether the payment deviates from or is consistent with the parties' individual customs by examining how the relationship between creditor and debtor has worked for a long time in the past and how the payments used to take place. In addition, general customs also need to be considered. A judgment must be made of what is normally occurring within the industry in question, for example in terms of payment patterns. There are two different methods for assessing whether a payment is ordinary or not. One method is called the causality method and is based on the causality between the payment and the payment difficulties. A payment which, in an objective overall assessment of the circum-stances of the case, does not appear to be caused by the debtor's payment prob-lems is ordinary. The second is called the deviation method. Here, instead, it is tested whether the payment deviated from the parties' usual payment pattern or from an otherwise normal and natural payment pattern. The payments made in accordance with previous patterns must be protected against recovery.}},
  author       = {{Gabrielsson Palmqvist, Caroline}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Om återvinning av betalning av en skuld - med ordinärrekvisitet i fokus}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}