Jämkning av vitesklausuler i entreprenadavtal
(2024) JURM02 20242Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Entreprenadrätten är en komplex juridisk disciplin utan någon lag avsedd för kommersiella entreprenadprojektets genomförande. Trots det är den och dess reglering viktig för såväl företag som samhälle. För entreprenadprojekt finns nämligen många kritiska faktorer.
Tiden är bland annat en sådan kritisk faktor för entreprenadprojekts genomförande. En försenad entreprenad riskerar att leda till både ekonomiska och humanitära skador. Branschorganisationen BKK’s standardavtal AB 04 innehåller en bestämmelse om förseningsvite som syftar till att reglera hanteringen av uppkommen försening. Uppsatsens syfte är med utgångspunkt i avtalstolkning och rättsdogmatisk metod att läsaren ska få en bredare bild av vitesklausulens funktion och... (More) - Entreprenadrätten är en komplex juridisk disciplin utan någon lag avsedd för kommersiella entreprenadprojektets genomförande. Trots det är den och dess reglering viktig för såväl företag som samhälle. För entreprenadprojekt finns nämligen många kritiska faktorer.
Tiden är bland annat en sådan kritisk faktor för entreprenadprojekts genomförande. En försenad entreprenad riskerar att leda till både ekonomiska och humanitära skador. Branschorganisationen BKK’s standardavtal AB 04 innehåller en bestämmelse om förseningsvite som syftar till att reglera hanteringen av uppkommen försening. Uppsatsens syfte är med utgångspunkt i avtalstolkning och rättsdogmatisk metod att läsaren ska få en bredare bild av vitesklausulens funktion och tillämpning i kommersiella entreprenadavtal. Som en del av detta utreds vilka jämkningsmöjligheter som finns i relation till entreprenadviten.
I uppsatsen konstateras att entreprenadviten har flera syften och funktioner. Genom att avtala om en vitesklausul tydliggörs parternas riskfördelning. Entreprenören får en möjlighet att kalkylera kontraktsbrott och vet på förhand vad en försening kan kosta. För beställaren kan vitet fungera som ett påtryckningsmedel för att säkerställa entreprenadens färdigställande i tid. Vitet utgör också ett garanterat skadestånd för beställaren utan att skada måste bevisas. Funktionerna är ofta tätt sammanflätade. Det dominerade och primära syftet enligt min analys är påtryckningsfunktionen.
Men ett vite kan bli föremål för jämkning, både genom på förhand avtalade jämkningsgrunder i AB 04 och enligt 36 § avtalslagen. Jämkningsgrunderna i AB 04 ställer upp två grunder för jämkning: om beställaren tagit entreprenaden i avsett bruk, eller om ibruktagandet medfört en icke-oväsentlig nytta för beställaren. Parterna har avtalat om bestämmelsen och den är konstruerad på ett förutsebart sätt. Dessa grunder är uttömmande för jämkning enligt AB 04.
Den andra möjligheten att jämka ett förseningsvite är enligt 36 § avtalslagen. Bedömningen tar utgångspunkt i ett oskälighetsrekvisit och förutsätter en helhetsbedömning. I bedömningen ska hänsyn tas till bland annat parternas styrkeförhållanden, vitets syfte, och förhållandet mellan vitets storlek och skada. Till skillnad mot jämkningsgrunderna i AB 04 är 36 § avtalslagen vag till sin natur, och bedömningen kan i många fall bli oförutsebar. Vitets funktion riskerar att undermineras och få en annan funktion än det parterna avtalat.
Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att det finns behov att kunna jämka vitet på fler grunder än de AB 04 erbjuder. Dock är 36 § avtalslagen enligt min analys för oförutsebar i sin tillämpning för att utgöra en bra lösning på sådana situationer. Det finns därför ett behov av att utvidga möjligheterna till jämkning i framtida AB-avtal för att undvika en bedömning enligt 36 § avtalslagen. Uppsatsen avslutas med ett eget förslag på hur en framtida vitesbestämmelse borde se ut. Bestämmelsens syfte är att jämkningsbedömningen ska stanna i AB 04 och inte bedömas enligt 36 § avtalslagen. (Less) - Abstract
- Construction contract law is a complex legal discipline with no law dedicated to the regulation commercial construction projects. Nevertheless, construction and its regulation are important for both businesses and society. There are many critical factors for construction projects.
Time, among other things, is a critical factor for the implementation of construction projects. A delayed construction project risks leading to both economic loss as well as personal injuries. The trade association BKK's standard contract AB 04 contains a provision on penalties for delay that aims to regulate delays in construction. The aim of the paper is, based on contract interpretation and legal doctrine, to give the reader a broader picture of the function... (More) - Construction contract law is a complex legal discipline with no law dedicated to the regulation commercial construction projects. Nevertheless, construction and its regulation are important for both businesses and society. There are many critical factors for construction projects.
Time, among other things, is a critical factor for the implementation of construction projects. A delayed construction project risks leading to both economic loss as well as personal injuries. The trade association BKK's standard contract AB 04 contains a provision on penalties for delay that aims to regulate delays in construction. The aim of the paper is, based on contract interpretation and legal doctrine, to give the reader a broader picture of the function and application of the penalty clause in commercial construction contracts. The paper also discusses the possibilities for adjustments of the penalty in the contract.
The paper recognizes that the contractual penalty clause has several purposes and functions. By agreeing to implement a penalty clause, the parties' allocation of risk is clarified. The contractor gets an opportunity to calculate breach of contract and knows in advance what a delay may cost. For the client, the penalty clause can act as a means of exerting pressure to ensure that the contract is completed on time. Penalties also provide a guarantee of compensation for the client without the need to prove damage. The functions are often closely intertwined. The dominant and primary purpose according to my analysis is the function of exerting pressure.
However, penalty clauses may be subject to adjustment, both through pre-agreed grounds for adjustment in AB 04 and under section 36 of the Contracts Act. There are two different causes for adjustment in AB 04: The client has put the contract into the intended use, or other use of the contract has resulted in material benefit to the client. The parties have agreed on the provision, and it is constructed in a foreseeable way. These causes are exhaustive for adjustment under AB 04.
The second possibility of adjusting a penalty for delay is under section 36 of the Contracts Act. The assessment is based on a test of unreasonableness and requires an overall assessment. The assessment must consider, among other things, the strength of the parties, the purpose of the penalty and the correlation between penalty amount and the damage. In contrast to the causes for adjustment in AB 04, section 36 of the Contracts Act is vague in nature, and the assessment may in many cases be unpredictable. The function of the penalty risks being undermined and getting a different function than intended by the parties.
In summary, it can be concluded that it is preferable to be able to adjust the penalty through other provisions than those offered by AB 04. However, in my analysis, section 36 of the Contracts Act is too unpredictable in its application to provide a good solution to such situations. There is therefore a need to expand the possibilities for adjustment in future AB agreements to avoid an assessment under section 36 of the Contracts Act. The paper ends with a proposal of how a future penalty provision in AB agreements should look. The purpose of the provision is that the adjustment assessment should remain in AB 04 and should not be assessed under section 36 of the Contracts Act. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9179816
- author
- Edström, Vendela LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Adjustments of Penalty Clauses in Construction Contracts
- course
- JURM02 20242
- year
- 2024
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- avtalsrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, entreprenadrätt, vite, jämkning
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9179816
- date added to LUP
- 2025-01-24 14:53:07
- date last changed
- 2025-01-24 14:53:07
@misc{9179816, abstract = {{Construction contract law is a complex legal discipline with no law dedicated to the regulation commercial construction projects. Nevertheless, construction and its regulation are important for both businesses and society. There are many critical factors for construction projects. Time, among other things, is a critical factor for the implementation of construction projects. A delayed construction project risks leading to both economic loss as well as personal injuries. The trade association BKK's standard contract AB 04 contains a provision on penalties for delay that aims to regulate delays in construction. The aim of the paper is, based on contract interpretation and legal doctrine, to give the reader a broader picture of the function and application of the penalty clause in commercial construction contracts. The paper also discusses the possibilities for adjustments of the penalty in the contract. The paper recognizes that the contractual penalty clause has several purposes and functions. By agreeing to implement a penalty clause, the parties' allocation of risk is clarified. The contractor gets an opportunity to calculate breach of contract and knows in advance what a delay may cost. For the client, the penalty clause can act as a means of exerting pressure to ensure that the contract is completed on time. Penalties also provide a guarantee of compensation for the client without the need to prove damage. The functions are often closely intertwined. The dominant and primary purpose according to my analysis is the function of exerting pressure. However, penalty clauses may be subject to adjustment, both through pre-agreed grounds for adjustment in AB 04 and under section 36 of the Contracts Act. There are two different causes for adjustment in AB 04: The client has put the contract into the intended use, or other use of the contract has resulted in material benefit to the client. The parties have agreed on the provision, and it is constructed in a foreseeable way. These causes are exhaustive for adjustment under AB 04. The second possibility of adjusting a penalty for delay is under section 36 of the Contracts Act. The assessment is based on a test of unreasonableness and requires an overall assessment. The assessment must consider, among other things, the strength of the parties, the purpose of the penalty and the correlation between penalty amount and the damage. In contrast to the causes for adjustment in AB 04, section 36 of the Contracts Act is vague in nature, and the assessment may in many cases be unpredictable. The function of the penalty risks being undermined and getting a different function than intended by the parties. In summary, it can be concluded that it is preferable to be able to adjust the penalty through other provisions than those offered by AB 04. However, in my analysis, section 36 of the Contracts Act is too unpredictable in its application to provide a good solution to such situations. There is therefore a need to expand the possibilities for adjustment in future AB agreements to avoid an assessment under section 36 of the Contracts Act. The paper ends with a proposal of how a future penalty provision in AB agreements should look. The purpose of the provision is that the adjustment assessment should remain in AB 04 and should not be assessed under section 36 of the Contracts Act.}}, author = {{Edström, Vendela}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Jämkning av vitesklausuler i entreprenadavtal}}, year = {{2024}}, }