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Rättskraft i skiljeförfarandet – särskilt om parternas möjligheter att disponera över skiljedomens negativa rättskraft

Andersson Telander, Linnea LU (2024) JURM02 20242
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Arbitration is classified as a judicial dispute resolution method in Sweden, and its awards are enforceable under Chapter 3, Section 15 of the Enforcement Code. Despite these provisions, the Swedish Arbitration Act does not contain any provision stating that an arbitral award is endowed with legal force. However, The Supreme Court has clarified through its rulings in NJA 1953 p. 751 and NJA 1998 p. 189 that arbitral awards do acquire legal force. Primarily, it is the principles of legal force in civil procedure that should guide the assessment of the scope of legal force in arbitration. However, there is disagreement in the legal literature regarding the precise boundaries of an arbitral award's legal force and whether there are unresolved... (More)
Arbitration is classified as a judicial dispute resolution method in Sweden, and its awards are enforceable under Chapter 3, Section 15 of the Enforcement Code. Despite these provisions, the Swedish Arbitration Act does not contain any provision stating that an arbitral award is endowed with legal force. However, The Supreme Court has clarified through its rulings in NJA 1953 p. 751 and NJA 1998 p. 189 that arbitral awards do acquire legal force. Primarily, it is the principles of legal force in civil procedure that should guide the assessment of the scope of legal force in arbitration. However, there is disagreement in the legal literature regarding the precise boundaries of an arbitral award's legal force and whether there are unresolved differences between civil procedure and arbitration as dispute resolution methods that justify deviating from the civil procedural res legal force framework.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the extent of legal force in arbitration. Given that party autonomy is fundamental in arbitration, the parties' own ability to influence the scope of the legal force is a natural part of the investigation. Since the civil procedural principles’ for determining the extent of legal force are central also to arbitration, these are addressed as well as the parties' ability to influence the legal force of a court judgment. Since arbitral awards are not public, there is a limited body of practical examples regarding how the legal force issue is handled. Therefore, the study will focus on the respective characteristics of different dispute resolution methods and what their implications may and should be, from a principled perspective, for legal force. In conclusion, I will argue that the legal force effect of an arbitral award should be determined according to the precedential rules developed for this purpose in civil procedure. The Arbitration Act should not be systematically interpret-ed in the same way as the Code of Judicial Procedure, where there is a close connection between the rule on changing claims and the rule on res judicata.

Furthermore, in arbitration, there is a possibility for the parties, after an arbitral award has been issued, to agree that it will no longer be procedurally bind-ing. It is also possible to agree in advance that an arbitral award will not be endowed with legal force. It is more uncertain whether the parties can extend the effect of legal force with binding effect, either through a separate agreement or by confirming a settlement with far-reaching supplementary elements. Certain case law suggests such an interpretation. Despite the autonomy of the parties in arbitration, my view is that this does not have an impact on the question of the possibility to extend the res judicata effect. This issue should ultimately be considered in light of Article 6.1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the right to a judicial review therein. An overly extensive preclusion could risk preventing the parties from asserting their civil rights. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Skiljeförfarandet kategoriseras som en judiciell tvistlösningsmetod i Sverige och dess avgöranden går att verkställa enligt 3 kap. 15 § utsökningsbalken. Trots dessa förhållanden finns det inte i lagen (1999:116) om skiljeförfarande någon bestämmelse med innebörden att en skiljedom är förenad med rätts-kraft. Högsta domstolen har genom avgörandena NJA 1953 s. 751 och NJA 1998 s. 189 klargjort att skiljedomar vinner rättskraft. I första hand är det civilprocessens rättskraftsprinciper som ska vägleda bedömningen av rättskraftens utsträckning i skiljeförfarandet. I den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen råder emellertid delade meningar om hur skiljedomens rättskraft närmare bör av-gränsas och om det mellan civilprocessen och skiljeförfarandet... (More)
Skiljeförfarandet kategoriseras som en judiciell tvistlösningsmetod i Sverige och dess avgöranden går att verkställa enligt 3 kap. 15 § utsökningsbalken. Trots dessa förhållanden finns det inte i lagen (1999:116) om skiljeförfarande någon bestämmelse med innebörden att en skiljedom är förenad med rätts-kraft. Högsta domstolen har genom avgörandena NJA 1953 s. 751 och NJA 1998 s. 189 klargjort att skiljedomar vinner rättskraft. I första hand är det civilprocessens rättskraftsprinciper som ska vägleda bedömningen av rättskraftens utsträckning i skiljeförfarandet. I den rättsvetenskapliga litteraturen råder emellertid delade meningar om hur skiljedomens rättskraft närmare bör av-gränsas och om det mellan civilprocessen och skiljeförfarandet som tvistlösningsformer betraktade finns sådana outredda skillnader att det finns fog att avvika från den civilprocessuella rättskraftsapparaten.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka rättskraftens utsträckning i skilje-förfarandet. Eftersom partsautonomin är grundläggande i ett skiljeförfarande är parternas egna möjligheter att påverka rättskraften en naturlig del av under-sökningen. Mot bakgrund av att civilprocessens utgångspunkter för bestämmande av rättskraftens omfattning är centrala för skiljeförfarandet, behandlas också dessa på ett övergripande sätt. Likaså studeras parternas möjlighet att påverka en domstolsdoms rättskraft.

Eftersom skiljedomar inte är offentliga är underlaget av praktiska exempel på hur rättskraftsfrågan hanteras kraftigt begränsat. Undersökningen skjuter där-för i förgrunden de olika tvistlösningsformernas respektive särdrag och vad dessa ur principiell synpunkt kan och bör få för konsekvenser för rättskraften. Undersökningen konkluderar att skiljedomens rättskraft ska bestämmas enligt de prejudikatregler som utvecklats för ändamålet på civilprocessens område. LSF ska inte systematiskt tolkas på samma sätt som rättegångsbalken, i vilken det finns ett nära samband mellan regeln om taleändring och regeln om rätts-kraft. Det finns vidare i skiljeförfarandet möjlighet för parterna att efter att en skiljedom meddelats avtala om att den inte längre ska vara processuellt bin-dande. Det går likaså att på förhand avtala om att en skiljedom inte ska vara förenad med rättskraft. Mera tveksamt är huruvida parterna med bindande verkan kan utsträcka rättskraften, oavsett om detta görs genom ett fristående rättskraftsavtal eller genom stadfästelse av förlikning med långtgående supplerande moment. Viss äldre praxis talar för tolkningen att detta ska vara tillåtet. Trots att skiljeförfarandet genomsyras av partsautonomin är min uppfattning att densamma inte har bäring på frågan om möjligheten att utsträcka rättskraften. Denna fråga bör ytterst ses i ljuset av artikel 6.1 EKMR och den där stadgade rätten till domstolsprövning. Alltför omfattande preklusionsverkningar riskerar att innebära att parterna förhindras att tillvarata sina civila rättigheter. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson Telander, Linnea LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The legal force of arbitral awards – particularly regarding the parties' ability to dispose of the negative legal force
course
JURM02 20242
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
civilrätt, processrätt
language
Swedish
id
9180333
date added to LUP
2025-01-31 09:52:11
date last changed
2025-01-31 09:52:11
@misc{9180333,
  abstract     = {{Arbitration is classified as a judicial dispute resolution method in Sweden, and its awards are enforceable under Chapter 3, Section 15 of the Enforcement Code. Despite these provisions, the Swedish Arbitration Act does not contain any provision stating that an arbitral award is endowed with legal force. However, The Supreme Court has clarified through its rulings in NJA 1953 p. 751 and NJA 1998 p. 189 that arbitral awards do acquire legal force. Primarily, it is the principles of legal force in civil procedure that should guide the assessment of the scope of legal force in arbitration. However, there is disagreement in the legal literature regarding the precise boundaries of an arbitral award's legal force and whether there are unresolved differences between civil procedure and arbitration as dispute resolution methods that justify deviating from the civil procedural res legal force framework.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the extent of legal force in arbitration. Given that party autonomy is fundamental in arbitration, the parties' own ability to influence the scope of the legal force is a natural part of the investigation. Since the civil procedural principles’ for determining the extent of legal force are central also to arbitration, these are addressed as well as the parties' ability to influence the legal force of a court judgment. Since arbitral awards are not public, there is a limited body of practical examples regarding how the legal force issue is handled. Therefore, the study will focus on the respective characteristics of different dispute resolution methods and what their implications may and should be, from a principled perspective, for legal force. In conclusion, I will argue that the legal force effect of an arbitral award should be determined according to the precedential rules developed for this purpose in civil procedure. The Arbitration Act should not be systematically interpret-ed in the same way as the Code of Judicial Procedure, where there is a close connection between the rule on changing claims and the rule on res judicata. 

Furthermore, in arbitration, there is a possibility for the parties, after an arbitral award has been issued, to agree that it will no longer be procedurally bind-ing. It is also possible to agree in advance that an arbitral award will not be endowed with legal force. It is more uncertain whether the parties can extend the effect of legal force with binding effect, either through a separate agreement or by confirming a settlement with far-reaching supplementary elements. Certain case law suggests such an interpretation. Despite the autonomy of the parties in arbitration, my view is that this does not have an impact on the question of the possibility to extend the res judicata effect. This issue should ultimately be considered in light of Article 6.1 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the right to a judicial review therein. An overly extensive preclusion could risk preventing the parties from asserting their civil rights.}},
  author       = {{Andersson Telander, Linnea}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Rättskraft i skiljeförfarandet – särskilt om parternas möjligheter att disponera över skiljedomens negativa rättskraft}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}