Used Textiles and the Basel Convention - Environmental Justice and the Influence of the European Union
(2025) JURM02 20251Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Mer än en miljon ton av använda textilier exporteras från den Europeiska
unionen (EU) varje år, ofta till det globala syd. Använda textilier exporteras i
intresse av cirkulär handel och förlängning av en produkts livslängd på en
andrahandsmarknad. Dock är en betydande andel av de exporterade
textilierna inte lämpliga för återanvändning. I dessa fall hamnar sådana
textilier ofta i informella avfallsflöden. Detta har en negativ miljöpåverkan på
det importerande landet och missgynnar miljörättvisa. Trots den förknippade
miljöskadan, är andrahandshandeln av textilier i stort oreglerad av
internationell miljörätt.
EU har ansträngt sig för att fylla denna lucka i regleringen. På regional nivå,
har EU antagit stränga regler för handel... (More) - Mer än en miljon ton av använda textilier exporteras från den Europeiska
unionen (EU) varje år, ofta till det globala syd. Använda textilier exporteras i
intresse av cirkulär handel och förlängning av en produkts livslängd på en
andrahandsmarknad. Dock är en betydande andel av de exporterade
textilierna inte lämpliga för återanvändning. I dessa fall hamnar sådana
textilier ofta i informella avfallsflöden. Detta har en negativ miljöpåverkan på
det importerande landet och missgynnar miljörättvisa. Trots den förknippade
miljöskadan, är andrahandshandeln av textilier i stort oreglerad av
internationell miljörätt.
EU har ansträngt sig för att fylla denna lucka i regleringen. På regional nivå,
har EU antagit stränga regler för handel med andrahandstextilier som
återfinns i förordning 2024/1157, avfallstransportsregleringen (WSR). EU
har dessutom uttryckt intresse av att sätta agendan på internationell nivå. 2024
föreslog de danska, franska och svenska delegationerna ett gemensamt EUförslag för en ändring av Baselkonventionen om kontroll av
gränsöverskridande transporter och slutligt omhändertagande av farligt
avfall. Ändringen skulle göra kontrollmekanismerna i konventionen
tillämpliga på textilavfall. På det sjuttonde mötet av Conference of the Parties
(COP) till Baselkonventionen i maj 2025, initierade COP ett nytt
arbetsområde kopplat till att ta itu med gränsöverskridande transporter av
textilavfall. Målet med denna uppsats är att utforska det potentiella mervärdet
till internationell miljörätt av att ändra Baselkonventionen så att textilier täcks av den kategori av avfall som kontrolleras av konventionen.
I uppsatsen analyserar jag Baselregleringen och når slutsatsen att
Baselkonventionen för närvarande endast tar itu med textilavfall i minimal
grad. Den otillräckliga internationella regleringen har underlättat
utvecklingen av en global handel med andrahandstextilier som går bortom
tullmyndigheters inspektion. Jag argumenterar för att ett tillägg till
Baselkonventionen gällande textilavfall skulle öka synligheten av och
erkänna den miljöskada som den nuvarande handeln av andrahandstextilier
orsakar det globala syd.
Principen om miljörättvisa, som är en underliggande princip av
Baselkonventionen, används som ett verktyg för att analysera innebörden av
ett textiltillägg till konventionen. Denna uppsats når slutsatsen att trots att
Baselkonventionen innehåller svagheter vad gäller miljörättvisa, såsom
”Reparerbarhetskryphålet” och den begränsade kapaciteten för korrigerande
rättvisa, skulle ett textiltillägg till Baselkonventionen åtminstone delvis kunna
främja konceptet av miljörättvisa. En nyckelfråga gällande handeln med
andrahandstextilier är åtskillnaden mellan textilavfall och icke-avfall. Genom
teknisk vägledning under Baselregleringen, skulle juridisk klarhet avseende
denna åtskillnad kunna uppnås. Medan juridisk klarhet i denna fråga är viktig
för en miljövänlig och rättvis handel med andrahandstextilier, garanterar det
inte att alla miljöorättvisor kopplade till denna fråga är lösta. Till exempel har fältstudier av illegala textilsoptippar visat att även återanvändbara textilier kasseras i illegala soptippar.
EU:s inflytelserika roll i att utveckla internationell miljörätt analyseras i
förhållande till ett potentiellt textiltillägg till Baselkonventionen. EU har
spelat en central roll i förhandlingarna av andra internationella
miljööverenskommelser. Med tanke på Unionens ledande roll i regleringen
av andrahandstextilier och den gemensamma grunden av WSR och
Baselkonventionen, är WSR relativt väl anpassad för att inkorporeras i
konventionen. Dock utgör den mer begränsade omfattningen av
Baselkonventionen ett möjligt hinder för sammanfogningen av de två
regelverken. Dessutom är trenden av att EU sätter agendan för utvecklingen
av internationell miljörätt problematisk för processuell miljörättvisa. Medan
ett textiltillägg av Baselkonventionen har potential att främja miljörättvisa,
skulle processuellt orättvisa förhandlingar för ett sådant tillägg utjämna den
potentiella framgången för distributiv rättvisa. För att tillförsäkra processuell
rättvisa, förespråkar jag ökad uppmärksamhet mot frågor såsom
avfallsminskning och ansvarsutkrävande. (Less) - Abstract
- More than one million tonnes of used textiles are exported from the European Union (EU) every year, often to the Global South. Used textiles are exported for reuse in the interests of circularity and extending the lifetime of a product on a secondary market. Nonetheless, substantial portions of the exported textiles are not fit for reuse. In these instances, such textiles often end up in informal waste streams. This causes adverse environmental effects in the importing country and disfavours environmental justice. Despite the associated environmental harm, the used textile trade is largely unregulated by international environmental law (IEL).
The EU has made efforts to fill this regulatory gap. At the regional level, the EU has adopted... (More) - More than one million tonnes of used textiles are exported from the European Union (EU) every year, often to the Global South. Used textiles are exported for reuse in the interests of circularity and extending the lifetime of a product on a secondary market. Nonetheless, substantial portions of the exported textiles are not fit for reuse. In these instances, such textiles often end up in informal waste streams. This causes adverse environmental effects in the importing country and disfavours environmental justice. Despite the associated environmental harm, the used textile trade is largely unregulated by international environmental law (IEL).
The EU has made efforts to fill this regulatory gap. At the regional level, the EU has adopted strict regulations concerning the used textile trade in Regulation 2024/1157, the Waste Shipment Regulation (WSR). The EU has also expressed interest in setting the agenda at the international level. In 2024, the Danish, French and Swedish delegations suggested a common EU proposal for an amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. The amendment would subject textile waste to the control mechanisms of the Convention. At the seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Basel Convention in May 2025, the COP initiated a new area of work related to addressing transboundary movements of textile wastes. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential added value to IEL of an amendment to include textiles in the category of wastes controlled by the Basel Convention.
In the thesis, I analyse the Basel regime and conclude that the Basel Convention currently addresses textile wastes only to a minimal extent. The inadequate international regulatory order has facilitated the evolution of a global used textile trade that goes beyond the inspection radar of customs authorities and harms the environment. I argue that an amendment to the Basel Convention regarding textile wastes would increase visibility of and acknowledge the environmental degradation the current used textile trade causes the Global South.
The principle of environmental justice, as an underlying principle of the Basel Convention, is used as a tool to analyse the implications of a textile amendment to the Convention. The thesis concludes that although the Basel Convention contains some environmental justice weaknesses, such as the ‘Repairables Loophole’ and the limited capacity for corrective justice, a textile amendment to the Basel Convention could at least partly further the concept of environmental justice. One key concern relating to the used textile trade is the distinction between textile waste and non-waste. Through technical guidance under the Basel regime, legal clarity on this distinction could be achieved. While legal clarity on this matter is important for an environmentally sound and just used textile trade, it does not guarantee that all environmental injustices of this issue are resolved. For example, field visits to illegal textile dumps show that even reusable textiles end up discarded in illegal dumps.
The influential role of the EU in developing IEL is analysed in relation to a potential textile amendment to the Basel Convention. The EU has played a central role in the negotiations for other international environmental agreements. Given the Union’s leading role in the regulation of used textiles and the shared foundation of the WSR and the Basel Convention, the WSR is relatively well adapted to being incorporated into the Convention. However, the more limited scope of the Basel Convention may impede the merge of the two instruments. Furthermore, the trend of the EU setting the agenda for the development of IEL is problematic for procedural environmental justice. While a textile amendment to the Basel Convention has the potential to further environmental justice, procedurally unjust negotiations for the amendment would invalidate the potential progress for distributive justice. To ensure procedural justice, I advocate for increased attention paid toward issues such as waste minimisation and liability. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9188989
- author
- Björkman, Hilda LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- JURM02 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- folkrätt, public international law, environmental law, miljörätt, international environmental law, waste law
- language
- English
- id
- 9188989
- date added to LUP
- 2025-06-05 11:38:47
- date last changed
- 2025-06-05 11:38:47
@misc{9188989, abstract = {{More than one million tonnes of used textiles are exported from the European Union (EU) every year, often to the Global South. Used textiles are exported for reuse in the interests of circularity and extending the lifetime of a product on a secondary market. Nonetheless, substantial portions of the exported textiles are not fit for reuse. In these instances, such textiles often end up in informal waste streams. This causes adverse environmental effects in the importing country and disfavours environmental justice. Despite the associated environmental harm, the used textile trade is largely unregulated by international environmental law (IEL). The EU has made efforts to fill this regulatory gap. At the regional level, the EU has adopted strict regulations concerning the used textile trade in Regulation 2024/1157, the Waste Shipment Regulation (WSR). The EU has also expressed interest in setting the agenda at the international level. In 2024, the Danish, French and Swedish delegations suggested a common EU proposal for an amendment to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. The amendment would subject textile waste to the control mechanisms of the Convention. At the seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Basel Convention in May 2025, the COP initiated a new area of work related to addressing transboundary movements of textile wastes. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential added value to IEL of an amendment to include textiles in the category of wastes controlled by the Basel Convention. In the thesis, I analyse the Basel regime and conclude that the Basel Convention currently addresses textile wastes only to a minimal extent. The inadequate international regulatory order has facilitated the evolution of a global used textile trade that goes beyond the inspection radar of customs authorities and harms the environment. I argue that an amendment to the Basel Convention regarding textile wastes would increase visibility of and acknowledge the environmental degradation the current used textile trade causes the Global South. The principle of environmental justice, as an underlying principle of the Basel Convention, is used as a tool to analyse the implications of a textile amendment to the Convention. The thesis concludes that although the Basel Convention contains some environmental justice weaknesses, such as the ‘Repairables Loophole’ and the limited capacity for corrective justice, a textile amendment to the Basel Convention could at least partly further the concept of environmental justice. One key concern relating to the used textile trade is the distinction between textile waste and non-waste. Through technical guidance under the Basel regime, legal clarity on this distinction could be achieved. While legal clarity on this matter is important for an environmentally sound and just used textile trade, it does not guarantee that all environmental injustices of this issue are resolved. For example, field visits to illegal textile dumps show that even reusable textiles end up discarded in illegal dumps. The influential role of the EU in developing IEL is analysed in relation to a potential textile amendment to the Basel Convention. The EU has played a central role in the negotiations for other international environmental agreements. Given the Union’s leading role in the regulation of used textiles and the shared foundation of the WSR and the Basel Convention, the WSR is relatively well adapted to being incorporated into the Convention. However, the more limited scope of the Basel Convention may impede the merge of the two instruments. Furthermore, the trend of the EU setting the agenda for the development of IEL is problematic for procedural environmental justice. While a textile amendment to the Basel Convention has the potential to further environmental justice, procedurally unjust negotiations for the amendment would invalidate the potential progress for distributive justice. To ensure procedural justice, I advocate for increased attention paid toward issues such as waste minimisation and liability.}}, author = {{Björkman, Hilda}}, language = {{eng}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Used Textiles and the Basel Convention - Environmental Justice and the Influence of the European Union}}, year = {{2025}}, }