Anonyma vittnen och rätts(o)säkerhet – En kritisk granskning av den svenska regleringen om anonyma vittnen
(2025) JURM02 20251Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- For several years, Sweden was one of the few countries in the Nordic region that had no way of guaranteeing a witness anonymity during a legal process. However, on January 1, 2025, the much-debated Act (2024:1180) on Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases entered into force. The Act introduced a system according to which a witness, under certain conditions, can be heard anonymously during a preliminary investigation and trial in criminal cases.
While a system with anonymous witnesses may provide increased security for witnesses participating in criminal proceedings, the system also risks abandoning some fundamental principles which are intended to be procedural safeguards for the suspect or defendant. The purpose of the thesis is to... (More) - For several years, Sweden was one of the few countries in the Nordic region that had no way of guaranteeing a witness anonymity during a legal process. However, on January 1, 2025, the much-debated Act (2024:1180) on Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases entered into force. The Act introduced a system according to which a witness, under certain conditions, can be heard anonymously during a preliminary investigation and trial in criminal cases.
While a system with anonymous witnesses may provide increased security for witnesses participating in criminal proceedings, the system also risks abandoning some fundamental principles which are intended to be procedural safeguards for the suspect or defendant. The purpose of the thesis is to examine, based on legislation, legislative history and legal doctrine, how the regulation on anonymous witnesses relates to these fundamental principles of legal certainty. The work also aims to study the compatibility of the Swedish system with Article 6 of the ECHR and the therein stipulated right to a fair trial. This is done primarily based on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
More specifically, the paper constitutes a critical examination based on a liberal theory of legal certainty, meaning that the legal certainty of the suspect or defendant is of paramount importance. The thesis also includes an international outlook where the regulations of anonymous witnesses in Denmark, Norway and Finland are studied and compared with the Swedish system. The comparison aims to inspire and point to possible solutions to the legal certainty problems which the application of the Swedish regulation may give rise to.
The conclusion of the paper is that the system with anonymous witnesses conflicts with a few of the principles of procedural law. This is expressed, among other things, in significant restrictions of the party insight and the defendant’s opportunity to adequately defend him- or herself against the suspicions and accusations. Furthermore, the use of anonymous witnesses will in some cases entail a limitation of the principle of openness of judicial proceedings. The system also means that the adversarial principle as well as the principle of equality of the parties to some extents are put out of play. In contrast, the procedure for anonymous testimony is not likely to go against the principle of oral proceedings, the principle of immediateness and the concentration principle, or to give rise to any deviations from the fundamental principle of immediacy in taking of evidence and the principle of the best evidence. Such a procedure also does not appear to substantially impede compliance with the ECHR. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Sverige var under flera år ett av få länder i Norden som inte hade någon möjlighet att garantera ett vittne anonymitet under rättsprocessen. Den 1 januari 2025 trädde emellertid den omdebatterade lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål i kraft. Genom lagen infördes ett system som innebär att ett vittne under vissa förutsättningar kan höras anonymt under en förundersökning och rättegång i brottmål.
Samtidigt som en ordning med anonyma vittnen kan tänkas innebära ökad trygghet för de vittnen som medverkar i straffprocesser, så riskerar systemet också att medföra att en del fundamentala principer som ska värna den miss-tänktes eller tilltalades rättssäkerhet frångås. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, med ledning av lagstiftning,... (More) - Sverige var under flera år ett av få länder i Norden som inte hade någon möjlighet att garantera ett vittne anonymitet under rättsprocessen. Den 1 januari 2025 trädde emellertid den omdebatterade lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål i kraft. Genom lagen infördes ett system som innebär att ett vittne under vissa förutsättningar kan höras anonymt under en förundersökning och rättegång i brottmål.
Samtidigt som en ordning med anonyma vittnen kan tänkas innebära ökad trygghet för de vittnen som medverkar i straffprocesser, så riskerar systemet också att medföra att en del fundamentala principer som ska värna den miss-tänktes eller tilltalades rättssäkerhet frångås. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, med ledning av lagstiftning, lagförarbeten och juridisk doktrin, granska hur regleringen om anonyma vittnen förhåller sig till dessa grundläggande rättssäkerhetsprinciper. Arbetet avser även att studera det svenska systemets förenlighet med artikel 6 i EKMR och den däri stadgade rätten till en rättvis rättegång. Detta görs främst med utgångspunkt i Europadomstolens praxis om anonyma vittnen.
Närmare utgör arbetet en kritisk granskning baserad på en liberal rättssäkerhetsteori, innebärande att den misstänktes eller tilltalades rättssäkerhet betraktas vara av överordnad betydelse. Framställningen innefattar även en internationell utblick där Danmarks, Norges och Finlands regelverk om anonyma vittnen behandlas och jämförs med det svenska. Jämförelsen sker i syfte att låta den inspirera och peka på möjliga lösningar på de potentiella rättssäkerhetsproblem som tillämpningen av den svenska regleringen kan ge upphov till.
Slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att systemet med anonyma vittnen kolliderar med en del av de processrättsliga principerna. Detta tar sig bland annat uttryck i betydande inskränkningar av den tilltalades rätt till partsinsyn och möjlighet att på ett adekvat sätt försvara sig mot de misstankar eller anklagelser som riktats mot honom eller henne. Användandet av anonyma vittnen kommer i vissa fall även resultera i en konkret begränsning av offentlighetsprincipen. Systemet innebär vidare att såväl kontradiktionsprincipen som principen om parternas likställdhet i viss mån sätts ur spel. Förfarandet vid anonyma vittnesmål torde däremot inte försvåra efterlevnaden av muntlighets-, omedelbarhets- och koncentrationsprinciperna, eller föranleda några avsteg från de grundläggande principerna om bevisomedelbarhet och det bästa bevismaterialet. Ett sådant förfarande tycks heller inte i huvudsak försvåra efterlevnaden av EKMR. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9189151
- author
- Nilsson, Felicia LU
- supervisor
-
- Karol Nowak LU
- organization
- alternative title
- Anonymous witnesses and legal (un)certainty – A critical examination of the Swedish regulation on anonymous witnesses
- course
- JURM02 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- straffrätt, anonyma vittnen
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9189151
- date added to LUP
- 2025-06-09 16:05:49
- date last changed
- 2025-06-09 16:05:49
@misc{9189151, abstract = {{For several years, Sweden was one of the few countries in the Nordic region that had no way of guaranteeing a witness anonymity during a legal process. However, on January 1, 2025, the much-debated Act (2024:1180) on Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases entered into force. The Act introduced a system according to which a witness, under certain conditions, can be heard anonymously during a preliminary investigation and trial in criminal cases. While a system with anonymous witnesses may provide increased security for witnesses participating in criminal proceedings, the system also risks abandoning some fundamental principles which are intended to be procedural safeguards for the suspect or defendant. The purpose of the thesis is to examine, based on legislation, legislative history and legal doctrine, how the regulation on anonymous witnesses relates to these fundamental principles of legal certainty. The work also aims to study the compatibility of the Swedish system with Article 6 of the ECHR and the therein stipulated right to a fair trial. This is done primarily based on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. More specifically, the paper constitutes a critical examination based on a liberal theory of legal certainty, meaning that the legal certainty of the suspect or defendant is of paramount importance. The thesis also includes an international outlook where the regulations of anonymous witnesses in Denmark, Norway and Finland are studied and compared with the Swedish system. The comparison aims to inspire and point to possible solutions to the legal certainty problems which the application of the Swedish regulation may give rise to. The conclusion of the paper is that the system with anonymous witnesses conflicts with a few of the principles of procedural law. This is expressed, among other things, in significant restrictions of the party insight and the defendant’s opportunity to adequately defend him- or herself against the suspicions and accusations. Furthermore, the use of anonymous witnesses will in some cases entail a limitation of the principle of openness of judicial proceedings. The system also means that the adversarial principle as well as the principle of equality of the parties to some extents are put out of play. In contrast, the procedure for anonymous testimony is not likely to go against the principle of oral proceedings, the principle of immediateness and the concentration principle, or to give rise to any deviations from the fundamental principle of immediacy in taking of evidence and the principle of the best evidence. Such a procedure also does not appear to substantially impede compliance with the ECHR.}}, author = {{Nilsson, Felicia}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Anonyma vittnen och rätts(o)säkerhet – En kritisk granskning av den svenska regleringen om anonyma vittnen}}, year = {{2025}}, }