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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Från fotsteg till bevisfakta - En analys av rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer som bevis i brottmål

Ksiazek, Aksana Dominika LU (2025) JURM02 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats undersöker hur rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer presenteras
och värderas som bevis i svenska brottmål samt vilka rättssäkerhetsmässiga
utmaningar som är förknippade med denna typ av digital bevisning. Uppsatsen
inleds med en genomgång av de processrättsliga ramar som styr bevisprövningen
i brottmål, med särskilt fokus på principen om fri bevisprövning. Därefter
presenteras rörelsedatas tekniska framställning, struktur och centrala felkällor,
samt en tidigare genomförd studie där likelihoodkvoten tillämpats för att
strukturera värderingen av tekniska bevis.
Bevisvärdering på vetenskaplig grund utgör det teoretiska ramverket för
uppsatsen. Särskild vikt läggs vid hur sannolikhetsteoretiska modeller, särskilt
... (More)
Denna uppsats undersöker hur rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer presenteras
och värderas som bevis i svenska brottmål samt vilka rättssäkerhetsmässiga
utmaningar som är förknippade med denna typ av digital bevisning. Uppsatsen
inleds med en genomgång av de processrättsliga ramar som styr bevisprövningen
i brottmål, med särskilt fokus på principen om fri bevisprövning. Därefter
presenteras rörelsedatas tekniska framställning, struktur och centrala felkällor,
samt en tidigare genomförd studie där likelihoodkvoten tillämpats för att
strukturera värderingen av tekniska bevis.
Bevisvärdering på vetenskaplig grund utgör det teoretiska ramverket för
uppsatsen. Särskild vikt läggs vid hur sannolikhetsteoretiska modeller, särskilt
likelihoodkvoten, kan motverka typiska tankefel vid bedömning av digitala
bevismedel.
En genomgång av rättsfall visar att rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer
förekommer med allt större regelbundenhet i svenska brottmål, vilket motiverar
en närmare analys av hur denna typ av digital bevisning hanteras i praktiken. En
kvalitativ rättsfallsstudie omfattande elva svenska brottmål genomförs för att
analysera hur domstolar resonerar kring rörelsedata och hur denna typ av
bevisning tillämpas och bedöms i rättsprocessen. Resultaten visar att rörelsedata
i huvudsak används som stödbevis, men att det råder stor variation i hur
domstolar tillmäter denna bevisning betydelse. I vissa fall får rörelsedata tydligt
genomslag i den rättsliga prövningen, medan andra domstolar är mer
återhållsamma i sin bedömning. Bevisvärdet som tillmäts rörelsedata varierar i
hög grad, och det saknas en enhetlig metod för att kontrollera datas tillförlitlighet.
Vissa domstolar uppvisar noggrannhet i sin prövning av datas ursprung och
tekniska begränsningar, medan andra fäster mindre vikt vid dessa aspekter.
Presentationens utformning varierar från enkla tabeller till mer pedagogiskt
utformade visualiseringar, men information om hur rörelsedata har genererats,
dess precision samt potentiella felkällor inkluderas inte alltid i det material som
läggs fram för domstolen. Detta medför återkommande problem i
rättstillämpningen, där domstolen ofta saknar tillgång till de specifika
erfarenhetssatser som krävs för att förstå och korrekt värdera denna typ av digital
bevisning. Eftersom rörelsedata genereras genom sensorer, algoritmer och
proprietära system är informationen inte självförklarande, utan förutsätter
expertkunskap för att kunna tolkas på ett rättssäkert och meningsfullt sätt.
Uppsatsen avslutas med en kritisk analys där det konstateras att hanteringen av
rörelsedata i brottmål präglas av metodologiska brister. Slutsatsen är att det
föreligger ett tydligt behov av förbättrade riktlinjer, ökad teknisk förståelse och
enhetliga modeller för att säkerställa en rättssäker och konsekvent hantering av
rörelsedata i svenska brottmål. Det krävs även att domstolar i större utsträckning
utvecklar sina resonemang kring rörelsedata i domskälen, för att bidra till den
fortsatta utvecklingen av denna typ av bevisning. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines how motion data from health applications is presented and
evaluated as evidence in Swedish criminal trials, as well as the legal safeguards
and challenges associated with this type of digital evidence. It begins with an
overview of the procedural rules governing the assessment of evidence in
criminal proceedings, with particular focus on the principle of free evaluation of
evidence. It then outlines the technical structure of motion data, its components,
and key sources of error, alongside a previously conducted study in which the
likelihood ratio was applied to structure the evaluation of technical evidence.
The theoretical framework of the thesis is based on evidence evaluation grounded
in scientific... (More)
This thesis examines how motion data from health applications is presented and
evaluated as evidence in Swedish criminal trials, as well as the legal safeguards
and challenges associated with this type of digital evidence. It begins with an
overview of the procedural rules governing the assessment of evidence in
criminal proceedings, with particular focus on the principle of free evaluation of
evidence. It then outlines the technical structure of motion data, its components,
and key sources of error, alongside a previously conducted study in which the
likelihood ratio was applied to structure the evaluation of technical evidence.
The theoretical framework of the thesis is based on evidence evaluation grounded
in scientific principles. Particular emphasis is placed on how probabilistic
models, especially the likelihood ratio, can help mitigate common cognitive
biases in the assessment of digital evidence.
A review of case law reveals that motion data from health applications is
appearing with increasing frequency in Swedish criminal trials, which justifies a
closer examination of how this form of digital evidence is handled in practice. A
qualitative case study of eleven Swedish criminal cases is conducted to analyse
how courts reason about motion data and how this type of evidence is applied
and assessed in the judicial process. The results show that motion data is
primarily used as supporting evidence, but that there is considerable variation in
how courts assign probative value to it. In some cases, motion data clearly
influences the court’s assessment, while in others it is approached with greater
caution. The evidential weight attributed to motion data varies significantly, and
there is no standardised method for assessing its reliability. Some courts
demonstrate rigour in examining the data's origin and technical limitations, while
others place less emphasis on these aspects. The presentation of the data ranges
from simple tables to more pedagogically designed visualisations, but
information on how the data was generated, its accuracy, and potential sources
of error is not always included in the material submitted to the court. This leads
to recurring challenges in legal practice, where courts often lack access to the
domain-specific knowledge required to understand and accurately assess this
type of digital evidence. Since motion data is produced through sensors,
algorithms, and proprietary systems, it is not self-explanatory and requires expert
interpretation to be understood and evaluated in a legally sound manner.
The thesis concludes with a critical analysis, finding that the handling of motion
data in criminal cases is marked by methodological shortcomings. It concludes
that there is a clear need for improved guidance, greater technical understanding,
and standardised approaches to ensure the consistent and legally robust handling
of motion data in Swedish criminal proceedings. Courts must also articulate their
reasoning regarding such data more explicitly in their judgments, in order to
support the continued development of this category of evidence. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ksiazek, Aksana Dominika LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
From footsteps to evidence – an analysis of motion data from health applications as evidence in criminal trials
course
JURM02 20251
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Allmän rättslära, Rättsvetenskap, IT-rätt, Processrätt, Bevisvärdering, Digitala bevis
language
Swedish
id
9189174
date added to LUP
2025-06-04 13:39:39
date last changed
2025-06-04 13:39:39
@misc{9189174,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines how motion data from health applications is presented and
evaluated as evidence in Swedish criminal trials, as well as the legal safeguards
and challenges associated with this type of digital evidence. It begins with an
overview of the procedural rules governing the assessment of evidence in
criminal proceedings, with particular focus on the principle of free evaluation of
evidence. It then outlines the technical structure of motion data, its components,
and key sources of error, alongside a previously conducted study in which the
likelihood ratio was applied to structure the evaluation of technical evidence.
The theoretical framework of the thesis is based on evidence evaluation grounded
in scientific principles. Particular emphasis is placed on how probabilistic
models, especially the likelihood ratio, can help mitigate common cognitive
biases in the assessment of digital evidence.
A review of case law reveals that motion data from health applications is
appearing with increasing frequency in Swedish criminal trials, which justifies a
closer examination of how this form of digital evidence is handled in practice. A
qualitative case study of eleven Swedish criminal cases is conducted to analyse
how courts reason about motion data and how this type of evidence is applied
and assessed in the judicial process. The results show that motion data is
primarily used as supporting evidence, but that there is considerable variation in
how courts assign probative value to it. In some cases, motion data clearly
influences the court’s assessment, while in others it is approached with greater
caution. The evidential weight attributed to motion data varies significantly, and
there is no standardised method for assessing its reliability. Some courts
demonstrate rigour in examining the data's origin and technical limitations, while
others place less emphasis on these aspects. The presentation of the data ranges
from simple tables to more pedagogically designed visualisations, but
information on how the data was generated, its accuracy, and potential sources
of error is not always included in the material submitted to the court. This leads
to recurring challenges in legal practice, where courts often lack access to the
domain-specific knowledge required to understand and accurately assess this
type of digital evidence. Since motion data is produced through sensors,
algorithms, and proprietary systems, it is not self-explanatory and requires expert
interpretation to be understood and evaluated in a legally sound manner.
The thesis concludes with a critical analysis, finding that the handling of motion
data in criminal cases is marked by methodological shortcomings. It concludes
that there is a clear need for improved guidance, greater technical understanding,
and standardised approaches to ensure the consistent and legally robust handling
of motion data in Swedish criminal proceedings. Courts must also articulate their
reasoning regarding such data more explicitly in their judgments, in order to
support the continued development of this category of evidence.}},
  author       = {{Ksiazek, Aksana Dominika}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Från fotsteg till bevisfakta - En analys av rörelsedata från hälsoapplikationer som bevis i brottmål}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}