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Vad innebär kränkningen för barnen? – En undersökning av den straffrättsliga regleringen av sexualbrott mot barn på distans

Andersson, Julia LU (2025) JURM02 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Under de senaste två decennierna har sexualbrottslagstiftningen, som återfinns i brottsbalkens sjätte kapitel, genomgått flera omfattande reformer. Flera av dessa har syftat till att skärpa straffansvaret vid sexualbrott på distans. Vid genomförda reformer har lagstiftarens syfte alltjämt varit att skifta fokus från de sexuella handlingarnas tekniska karaktär till kränkningen som sådan vid avgränsningen mellan olika sexualbrott. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga syfte är att undersöka huruvida den straffrättsliga regleringen av sexualbrott mot barn som begås på distans bör ändras, dels för att tillgodose kraven på tydlighet och förutsebarhet ur ett legalitetsperspektiv, dels för att säkerställa att kränkningar hanteras och värderas med beaktande av... (More)
Under de senaste två decennierna har sexualbrottslagstiftningen, som återfinns i brottsbalkens sjätte kapitel, genomgått flera omfattande reformer. Flera av dessa har syftat till att skärpa straffansvaret vid sexualbrott på distans. Vid genomförda reformer har lagstiftarens syfte alltjämt varit att skifta fokus från de sexuella handlingarnas tekniska karaktär till kränkningen som sådan vid avgränsningen mellan olika sexualbrott. Uppsatsens huvudsakliga syfte är att undersöka huruvida den straffrättsliga regleringen av sexualbrott mot barn som begås på distans bör ändras, dels för att tillgodose kraven på tydlighet och förutsebarhet ur ett legalitetsperspektiv, dels för att säkerställa att kränkningar hanteras och värderas med beaktande av ett brottsofferperspektiv.

När ett barn har förmåtts att utföra en sexuell handling på sig själv och gärningsmannen har deltagit på distans finns tre sexualbrott som kan aktualiseras: våldtäkt mot barn, sexuellt övergrepp mot barn samt utnyttjande av barn för sexuell posering. För att uppnå det eftersträvade syftet och besvara uppsatsens två frågeställningar tillämpas såväl den rättsdogmatiska metoden som en empirisk metod. Besvarandet av frågeställningarna sker genom att bestämmelsernas tillämplighet vid distanssituationer samt gränsdragningen mellan brotten undersöks utifrån dels gällande rätt, dels hovrättspraxis.

Uppsatsen visar att det, utifrån enbart gällande rätt, är svårt att utläsa tydliga gränsdragningar mellan brotten, inte minst mot bakgrund av den uppluckring som har skett kring förståelsen av begreppet ”sexuell handling”. Flera av de förarbetsuttalanden som finns är vaga eller har spelat ut sin roll. Lagstiftaren har dessutom valt att överlämna uppgiften att närmare avgöra rekvisitens innebörd till rättstillämpningen. Det råder dock en återhållsamhet inom rättstilllämpningen att göra tolkningar som inte uttryckligen framgår av gällande rätt, vilket påverkar hur kränkningar graderas samt i vilken utsträckning kränkningen som sådan tillmäts betydelse vid avgränsning mellan brotten. Vid sexualbrott mot barn som begås på distans tillmäts således handlingars tekniska karaktär stor betydelse vid bedömning av grad av kränkning.

Uppsatsens slutsats är att den straffrättsliga regleringen av sexualbrott mot barn som begås på distans bör ändras för att tillgodose kraven på tydlighet och förutsebarhet samt för att säkerställa att kränkningar hanteras och värderas med beaktande av att brottsoffren är barn, och att kränkningen som sådan tillmäts större betydelse. En sådan förändring skulle i större utsträckning tillgodose brottsoffers behov av upprättelse samt bidra till att sexualbrottslagstiftningen i högre grad harmoniserar med lagstiftarens uttalade syfte. (Less)
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the legislation on sexual offences, which is found in Chapter 6 of the Swedish Criminal Code, has undergone several extensive reforms. Several of these have aimed to increase criminal liability for remote sexual offences. Throughout these reforms, the legislator’s intent has consistently been to shift the focus from the technical nature of the sexual acts to the violation as such when distinguishing between different sexual offenses. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the criminal law regulation of sexual offenses against children committed at a distance should be amended, partly to meet the requirements of clarity and predictability from a legality perspective, and partly to ensure that... (More)
Over the past two decades, the legislation on sexual offences, which is found in Chapter 6 of the Swedish Criminal Code, has undergone several extensive reforms. Several of these have aimed to increase criminal liability for remote sexual offences. Throughout these reforms, the legislator’s intent has consistently been to shift the focus from the technical nature of the sexual acts to the violation as such when distinguishing between different sexual offenses. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the criminal law regulation of sexual offenses against children committed at a distance should be amended, partly to meet the requirements of clarity and predictability from a legality perspective, and partly to ensure that violations are handled and valued with consideration for the perspective of the victim.

When a child has been induced to perform a sexual act on themselves and the perpetrator has participated remotely, there are three sexual offenses that may be relevant: rape of a child, sexual abuse of a child and exploitation of a child for sexual purposes. To achieve the intended purpose and answer the two questions of the thesis, both the legal dogmatic method and an empirical method are applied. The questions are answered by examining the applicability of the provisions in distance situations and the distinction between the offenses based on both current law and lower court case law.

The thesis shows that, based solely on current law, it is difficult to draw clear boundaries between the offenses, especially considering the erosion that has occurred regarding the understanding of the concept of “sexual act”. Several preparatory statements are vague or have lost their relevance. Moreover, the legislator has chosen to delegate the task of determining the precise meaning of the concept to the courts. However, there is a reluctance within the judiciary to make interpretations that are not explicitly stated in current law, which affects how violations are graded and to what extent the violation itself is given significance when distinguishing between offenses. In cases of sexual offenses against children committed at distance, the technical nature of the acts is therefore given considerable importance in assessing the degree of violation.

The conclusion of this thesis is that the criminal regulation of sexual offenses against children committed at a distance should be amended to meet the requirements of clarity and predictability and to ensure that violations are handled and valued considering that the victims are children, and that the violation as such is given greater significance. Such a change would better address the needs of victims for redress and help to ensure that sexual offences legislation is more in line with the stated purpose of the legislation. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson, Julia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
What Does the Abuse Mean for the Children? – A Study of the Criminal Law Regulation of Sexual Offences Against Children Committed Remotely
course
JURM02 20251
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Våldtäkt mot barn, Sexuellt övergrepp mot barn, Utnyttjande av barn för sexuell posering, Distans
language
Swedish
id
9189352
date added to LUP
2025-06-13 14:44:49
date last changed
2025-06-13 14:44:49
@misc{9189352,
  abstract     = {{Over the past two decades, the legislation on sexual offences, which is found in Chapter 6 of the Swedish Criminal Code, has undergone several extensive reforms. Several of these have aimed to increase criminal liability for remote sexual offences. Throughout these reforms, the legislator’s intent has consistently been to shift the focus from the technical nature of the sexual acts to the violation as such when distinguishing between different sexual offenses. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the criminal law regulation of sexual offenses against children committed at a distance should be amended, partly to meet the requirements of clarity and predictability from a legality perspective, and partly to ensure that violations are handled and valued with consideration for the perspective of the victim. 

When a child has been induced to perform a sexual act on themselves and the perpetrator has participated remotely, there are three sexual offenses that may be relevant: rape of a child, sexual abuse of a child and exploitation of a child for sexual purposes. To achieve the intended purpose and answer the two questions of the thesis, both the legal dogmatic method and an empirical method are applied. The questions are answered by examining the applicability of the provisions in distance situations and the distinction between the offenses based on both current law and lower court case law. 

The thesis shows that, based solely on current law, it is difficult to draw clear boundaries between the offenses, especially considering the erosion that has occurred regarding the understanding of the concept of “sexual act”. Several preparatory statements are vague or have lost their relevance. Moreover, the legislator has chosen to delegate the task of determining the precise meaning of the concept to the courts. However, there is a reluctance within the judiciary to make interpretations that are not explicitly stated in current law, which affects how violations are graded and to what extent the violation itself is given significance when distinguishing between offenses. In cases of sexual offenses against children committed at distance, the technical nature of the acts is therefore given considerable importance in assessing the degree of violation. 

The conclusion of this thesis is that the criminal regulation of sexual offenses against children committed at a distance should be amended to meet the requirements of clarity and predictability and to ensure that violations are handled and valued considering that the victims are children, and that the violation as such is given greater significance. Such a change would better address the needs of victims for redress and help to ensure that sexual offences legislation is more in line with the stated purpose of the legislation.}},
  author       = {{Andersson, Julia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Vad innebär kränkningen för barnen? – En undersökning av den straffrättsliga regleringen av sexualbrott mot barn på distans}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}