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Miljöorganisationers rätt att klaga - Samspelet mellan Århuskonventionen, MKB-direktivet och miljöbalken

Zimmerling, Jasper LU (2025) JURM02 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This thesis examines environmental organisations’ right to appeal decisions
in Sweden, with a particular focus on the interplay between the Aarhus Con-
vention, the EU’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive, and the
Swedish Environmental Code. The aim is to map how this right has developed
since the Environmental Code entered into force in 1999 and to analyse the
implications of the upcoming legislative amendment that will take effect on
1 August 2025. The background is that Sweden has received criticism from
the European Commission regarding shortcomings in its implementation of
EU environmental law, particularly in relation to the right of access to justice under Article 11 of the EIA Directive.
The thesis applies a... (More)
This thesis examines environmental organisations’ right to appeal decisions
in Sweden, with a particular focus on the interplay between the Aarhus Con-
vention, the EU’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive, and the
Swedish Environmental Code. The aim is to map how this right has developed
since the Environmental Code entered into force in 1999 and to analyse the
implications of the upcoming legislative amendment that will take effect on
1 August 2025. The background is that Sweden has received criticism from
the European Commission regarding shortcomings in its implementation of
EU environmental law, particularly in relation to the right of access to justice under Article 11 of the EIA Directive.
The thesis applies a legal dogmatic method and analyses Swedish legislation, case law from Swedish and European courts, as well as relevant preparatory works and legal literature. An EU law methodology is also used to examine how EU law influences the interpretation and application of national rules.
A central part of the thesis is the analysis of Chapter 16, Section 13 of the Environmental Code, which governs environmental organisations’ right of
appeal. This provision has undergone fundamental changes since 1999. Ini-
tially, an organisation was required to have at least 2,000 members to be entitled to appeal. However, this requirement has gradually been lowered to 100 members, following case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, particularly in the cases of Djurgården-Lilla Värtan. Swedish courts have also accepted, in several cases, that smaller organisations with local presence and public support may qualify for standing.
In addition to the membership requirement, the scope of appealable decisions has expanded. Whereas the right of appeal originally covered only permits and exemptions, it now also includes supervisory decisions, building permits, decisions under other sectoral legislation, and so-called “non-decisions” – i.e., when authorities fail to act. This expansion has largely taken place through case law from the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, and the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal.
The forthcoming legislative amendment is a response to formal criticism from the European Commission, which noted that Swedish law does not explicitly allow for judicial review of administrative omissions. The amendment aims to codify this possibility and thereby ensure proper and clear implementation of the requirements under the EIA Directive. Failure to adopt the legislation may result in infringement proceedings and financial penalties.
The thesis demonstrates that the development of environmental organisa-
tions’ right of appeal has largely been driven by the courts through purposive interpretation of international and EU legal obligations, rather than through direct legislative initiative. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Detta examensarbete undersöker miljöorganisationers rätt att överklaga beslut i Sverige, med särskilt fokus på samspelet mellan Århuskonventionen, EU:s MKB-direktiv och den svenska miljöbalken. Syftet är att kartlägga hur denna rätt har utvecklats sedan miljöbalkens införande 1999 och att analysera
innebörden av den kommande lagändringen som träder i kraft den 1 augusti 2025. Bakgrunden är att Sverige fått kritik från EU-kommissionen för brister i genomförandet av EU:s miljörättsliga bestämmelser, särskilt vad gäller rätten till rättslig prövning enligt artikel 11 i MKB-direktivet.
Uppsatsen utgår från en rättsdogmatisk metod och analyserar svensk lagstiftning, rättspraxis från svenska och europeiska domstolar, samt relevanta förarbeten... (More)
Detta examensarbete undersöker miljöorganisationers rätt att överklaga beslut i Sverige, med särskilt fokus på samspelet mellan Århuskonventionen, EU:s MKB-direktiv och den svenska miljöbalken. Syftet är att kartlägga hur denna rätt har utvecklats sedan miljöbalkens införande 1999 och att analysera
innebörden av den kommande lagändringen som träder i kraft den 1 augusti 2025. Bakgrunden är att Sverige fått kritik från EU-kommissionen för brister i genomförandet av EU:s miljörättsliga bestämmelser, särskilt vad gäller rätten till rättslig prövning enligt artikel 11 i MKB-direktivet.
Uppsatsen utgår från en rättsdogmatisk metod och analyserar svensk lagstiftning, rättspraxis från svenska och europeiska domstolar, samt relevanta förarbeten och rättsvetenskaplig litteratur. Även EU-rättslig metod används för att undersöka hur unionsrätten påverkar tolkningen och tillämpningen av nationella regler.
En central del av uppsatsen är analysen av 16 kap. 13 § miljöbalken, som reglerar miljöorganisationers klagorätt. Bestämmelsen har genomgått stora förändringar sedan 1999. Tidigare krävdes att en organisation hade minst 2 000 medlemmar för att ha klagorätt, men detta krav har gradvis sänkts till 100 medlemmar efter praxis från EU-domstolens, särskilt målet Djurgården-Lilla Värtan. Överinstanser har dessutom i flera fall godtagit att även mindre organisationer med lokal förankring och allmänhetens stöd har klagorätt.
Vid sidan av medlemskapskravet har också själva tillämpningsområdet för överklaganderätten vidgats. Från att initialt ha omfattat enbart tillstånds- och dispensbeslut, omfattas idag även tillsynsbeslut, beslut om bygglov, beslut enligt annan sektorslagstiftning och även så kallade nollbeslut – det vill säga myndigheters underlåtenhet att fatta beslut. Utvidgningen har framför allt skett genom rättspraxis från Högsta domstolen, Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen och Mark- och miljööverdomstolen.
Den förestående lagändringen har sin grund i EU-kommissionens formella kritik mot att svensk rätt inte uttryckligen möjliggör prövning av underlåtenhet att agera. Lagändringen syftar till att kodifiera denna möjlighet och därmed säkerställa ett korrekt och tydligt genomförande av MKB-direktivets krav. Utebliven lagstiftning riskerar att leda till fördragsbrottsförfarande och ekonomiska sanktioner.
Resultatet visar att utvecklingen av miljöorganisationers klagorätt till stor del har drivits av domstolar genom en ändamålsenlig tolkning av internationella och EU-rättsliga förpliktelser, snarare än genom lagstiftarens direkta initiativ (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Zimmerling, Jasper LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Environmental Organisations’ Right to Appeal – The Interaction Between the Aarhus Convention, the EIA Directive and the Swedish Environmental Code
course
JURM02 20251
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, förvaltningsrätt, processrätt, miljörätt
language
Swedish
id
9189357
date added to LUP
2025-06-23 11:24:53
date last changed
2025-06-23 11:24:53
@misc{9189357,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines environmental organisations’ right to appeal decisions
in Sweden, with a particular focus on the interplay between the Aarhus Con-
vention, the EU’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive, and the
Swedish Environmental Code. The aim is to map how this right has developed
since the Environmental Code entered into force in 1999 and to analyse the
implications of the upcoming legislative amendment that will take effect on
1 August 2025. The background is that Sweden has received criticism from
the European Commission regarding shortcomings in its implementation of
EU environmental law, particularly in relation to the right of access to justice under Article 11 of the EIA Directive.
The thesis applies a legal dogmatic method and analyses Swedish legislation, case law from Swedish and European courts, as well as relevant preparatory works and legal literature. An EU law methodology is also used to examine how EU law influences the interpretation and application of national rules.
A central part of the thesis is the analysis of Chapter 16, Section 13 of the Environmental Code, which governs environmental organisations’ right of
appeal. This provision has undergone fundamental changes since 1999. Ini-
tially, an organisation was required to have at least 2,000 members to be entitled to appeal. However, this requirement has gradually been lowered to 100 members, following case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, particularly in the cases of Djurgården-Lilla Värtan. Swedish courts have also accepted, in several cases, that smaller organisations with local presence and public support may qualify for standing.
In addition to the membership requirement, the scope of appealable decisions has expanded. Whereas the right of appeal originally covered only permits and exemptions, it now also includes supervisory decisions, building permits, decisions under other sectoral legislation, and so-called “non-decisions” – i.e., when authorities fail to act. This expansion has largely taken place through case law from the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, and the Land and Environmental Court of Appeal.
The forthcoming legislative amendment is a response to formal criticism from the European Commission, which noted that Swedish law does not explicitly allow for judicial review of administrative omissions. The amendment aims to codify this possibility and thereby ensure proper and clear implementation of the requirements under the EIA Directive. Failure to adopt the legislation may result in infringement proceedings and financial penalties.
The thesis demonstrates that the development of environmental organisa-
tions’ right of appeal has largely been driven by the courts through purposive interpretation of international and EU legal obligations, rather than through direct legislative initiative.}},
  author       = {{Zimmerling, Jasper}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Miljöorganisationers rätt att klaga - Samspelet mellan Århuskonventionen, MKB-direktivet och miljöbalken}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}