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Idén om den ideella föreningen som juridisk person - en rättsvetenskaplig undersökning kring utformningen av, och kraven för, rättspersonlighet för ideella föreningar i Sverige, Norge och Finland

Moks, Vilma LU (2025) JURM02 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Ideella föreningar är en fundamental del av det svenska samhället. I hög grad tack vare en vidsträckt föreningsfrihet, har de ideella föreningarna blivit ett landsomfattande forum för människor att slutas samman för gemensamma syften. De genomsyrar hela samhällslivet – från politiken, till idrott, körsång och fackföreningar. Ideella föreningar påverkar i stort sett hela den svenska befolkningen. Ändå finns det i dagsläget ingen allmän lag om ideella före-ningar i Sverige.
I Sverige har ideella föreningar per definition rättspersonlighet. Det innebär att de kan ha, förvärva, och bli av med, rättigheter och skyldigheter, samt agera part i domstol. Rättskapacitet är den aktiva delen av rättspersonligheten: för-mågan att, genom... (More)
Ideella föreningar är en fundamental del av det svenska samhället. I hög grad tack vare en vidsträckt föreningsfrihet, har de ideella föreningarna blivit ett landsomfattande forum för människor att slutas samman för gemensamma syften. De genomsyrar hela samhällslivet – från politiken, till idrott, körsång och fackföreningar. Ideella föreningar påverkar i stort sett hela den svenska befolkningen. Ändå finns det i dagsläget ingen allmän lag om ideella före-ningar i Sverige.
I Sverige har ideella föreningar per definition rättspersonlighet. Det innebär att de kan ha, förvärva, och bli av med, rättigheter och skyldigheter, samt agera part i domstol. Rättskapacitet är den aktiva delen av rättspersonligheten: för-mågan att, genom rättshandlingar utförda av företrädare, förvärva och bli av med rättigheter och skyldigheter samt förmågan att vara part i domstol. Rätts-personligheten är en bestämd storhet, som en förening antingen har, eller inte har, Rättskapaciteten kan däremot begränsas.
Uppsatsen beskriver och analyserar hur rättspersonligheten för ideella före-ningar hanteras i Sverige, Finland och Norge, och diskuterar sedan med av-stamp i de tre ländernas reglering huruvida det svenska rättsläget bör föränd-ras med hänsyn till föreningsfriheten, folksuveränitetsprincipen samt skydd för medlemmar och medkontrahenter. Följande kan konstateras om rättsläget.
HD har uppställt ett antal formella krav som behöver vara uppfyllda för att en sammanslutning ska vara en ideell förening. I Sverige krävs idag, för att bilda en ideell förening, att minst tre medlemmar går samman med ett huvudsaklig-en ideellt ändamål och kommer överens om föreningsstadgar som innehåller föreningens namn, syfte och beslutsordning. När en förening uppfyller dessa krav, får den rättspersonlighet i egenskap av ideell förening. Av definitionen för ideella föreningar följer också att medlemmarna i en sådan förening inte svarar för föreningens skulder.
I Norge saknas också lagstiftning om ideella föreningar. Där anses rättsper-sonligheten vara relativ, i bemärkelsen att den betraktas som ett rättsligt karak-tärsdrag, som för samman vissa rättsfakta med vissa rättsföljder. Uppdelning-en mellan den processuella och förmögenhetsrättsliga delen av rättspersonlig-heten är främst teoretisk, och får sällan genomslag i praktiken. Bedömningen av om en ideell förening har bildats görs genom en materiell helhetsbedöm-ning, vilket möjliggör informella och sömlösa bildandeprocesser från avtals-förhållanden till ideella föreningar. Det otydliga rättsläget, framför allt i fråga om vad som krävs för att en ideell förening med rättspersonlighet ska anses bildad, har föranlett ett lagförslag som är under behandling. Förslaget består i stor utsträckning av kodifierande av rättsläget och dispositiva bestämmelser.
Finland har sedan 100 år tillbaka en lag om ideella föreningar. Det räcker med att en ideell förening har bildats för att den ska få rättspersonlighet med följ-den att den underkastas vissa bestämmelser i föreningslagen och får viss be-gränsad partsförmåga inför domstol och andra myndigheter. Lagen uppställer dock relativt omfattande krav på registrering för att en ideell förening ska få full rättskapacitet.
Mot bakgrund av rättsläget i de olika länderna samt avvägningarna mellan föreningsfriheten, folksuveränitetsprincipen samt skydd för medlemmar och medkontrahenter, dras följande slutsatser kring hur rättsläget i Sverige bör förändras.
Kraven som uppställs för att en ideell förening ska anses ha bildats med rätts-personlighet som följd, samt utformningen av rättspersonligheten. Bör kvar-stå. Det bör dock framöver uttryckligen krävas skriftliga stadgar.
En processuell partsförmåga anses kunna existera fristående från rättsperson-ligheten. Det innebär att föreningar och deras motparter alltid ska ha rätt att få avgjort av domstol huruvida föreningen uppfyller kraven för att vara en ideell förening med rättspersonlighet. Det innebär också att, när ett ärende pågår i domstol och en förening genom att inte längre uppfylla kraven för att vara en ideell förening, förlorar sin rättspersonlighet, domstolar ska kunna göra en intresseavvägning som kan leda till att den tidigare ideella föreningen tillskrivs en sådan partsförmåga som krävs för att tvistefrågan kan avgöras.
Det konstateras slutligen att en lag om ideella föreningar bör stiftas med ovanstående innehåll. En sådan lag bör, genom tydlig struktur, klart språk och i huvudsak dispositiva bestämmelser, syfta till att gynna föreningslivet – inte hämma det. (Less)
Abstract
Non-profit associations are a fundamental part of Swedish society. Largely
due to an extensive freedom of association, Sweden has become a society
where non-profit associations thrive. Is a nationwide forum for individuals
to unite around common purposes. Non-profit organisations permeate all
aspects of social life—from politics to sports, choral singing, and labor
unions. They impact virtually the entire Swedish population. Yet there is no
general law in Sweden governing non-profit associations.

In Sweden, non-profit associations by definition possess legal personality.
This means they can hold, acquire, and dispose of rights and obligations, as
well as act as a party in court. Legal capacity is the active component of
legal... (More)
Non-profit associations are a fundamental part of Swedish society. Largely
due to an extensive freedom of association, Sweden has become a society
where non-profit associations thrive. Is a nationwide forum for individuals
to unite around common purposes. Non-profit organisations permeate all
aspects of social life—from politics to sports, choral singing, and labor
unions. They impact virtually the entire Swedish population. Yet there is no
general law in Sweden governing non-profit associations.

In Sweden, non-profit associations by definition possess legal personality.
This means they can hold, acquire, and dispose of rights and obligations, as
well as act as a party in court. Legal capacity is the active component of
legal personality: the ability, through legal acts performed by the
association’s representatives, to acquire and relinquish rights and
obligations, as well as being a party in litigation. Legal personality is, by
Swedish law, a binary status that an association either possesses or does not
possess. Legal capacity, however, may be limited.

This thesis describes and analyzes how the concept of legal personality is
regulated in Sweden, Finland, and Norway for non-profit associations. It
subsequently discusses, based on the regulatory frameworks of these three
countries, whether Swedish law should be reformed - with regard to
freedom of association, the principle of popular sovereignty, and the need
for protection of members and contractual counterparts. The following
observations can be made regarding the current legal framework.

The Supreme Court of Sweden (Högsta domstolen) has established a
number of formal requirements that must be met for an entity to qualify as a
non-profit association. Forming a non-profit association in Sweden requires
at least three members to unite with a primarily non-profit purpose and
agree upon bylaws. The bylaws have to stipulate the association’s name,
purpose, and decision-making procedures. Once these requirements are met,
the association becomes a non-profit association with legal personality.
Through the definition of non-profit associations, members are not
personally liable for the association’s obligations.

In Norway, there is no general legislation governing non-profit associations.
The concept of legal personality is considered relative, meaning it is
considered to be a legal characteristic linking certain legal facts with certain
legal consequences. The distinction between the procedural and property
law aspects of legal personality (the relativity) is primarily theoretical and
rarely has practical effect. The determination of whether a non-profit
association has been formed, is made through a substantive overall
assessment, allowing informal and seamless formation processes spiring
from contractual relationships to non-profit associations. The unclear legal
situation—especially regarding the requirements for a non-profit association
to be recognized as having legal personality—has prompted a legislative
proposal currently under consideration. The proposal largely codifies the
existing legal situation with dispositive provisions.

Finland has, in contrast to Sweden and Norway, had a law regulating nonprofit associations for over 100 years. It suffices that a non-profit
association is formed for it to acquire legal personality, which subjects it to
certain provisions of the Associations Act and grants it limited capacity to
act as a party before courts and other authorities. However, the law imposes
relatively extensive registration requirements for a non-profit association to
acquire full legal capacity.

In light of the differing legal frameworks as well as the the balance between
freedom of association, the principle of popular sovereignty, and the
protection of members and contractual counterparts, the following
conclusions are drawn regarding how Swedish law should be reformed.

The current requirements for an entity to be deemed a non-profit association
with legal personality, as well as the current bounds of legal personality,
should remain. However, going forward, it should explicitly be required that
bylaws be in writing.

A certain degree of procedural party capacity should be considered as
possible to exist independently of legal personality. This means that
associations and their opposing parties always have the right to have a court
determine whether the association meets the requirements to qualify as a
non-profit association with legal personality. It also means that if, during
litigation, an association ceases to fulfill these requirements and thus loses
its legal personality, courts should be able to perform a balancing of
interests that may result in the former non-profit association being attributed
the procedural capacity necessary to resolve the dispute.

A final conclusion is that the content outlined above should be enacted in a
law on non-profit associations. Such a law should, through clear structure,
comprehensible language, and primarily dispositive provisions, aim to
promote—rather than hinder—the extensive life of non-profit associations
that currently exists today. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Moks, Vilma LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The Concept of the Non-Profit Association as a Legal Person – A Legal Inquiry into the Structure and Requirements for Legal Personality of Non-Profit Associations in Sweden, Norway, and Finland
course
JURM02 20251
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Associationsrätt, avtalsrätt, förmögenhetsrätt, processrätt, privaträtt, civilrätt, komparativ rätt, comparative law, föreningar, ideella föreningar, ekonomiska föreningar, sammanslutningar
language
Swedish
id
9189369
date added to LUP
2025-06-05 11:36:49
date last changed
2025-06-05 11:36:49
@misc{9189369,
  abstract     = {{Non-profit associations are a fundamental part of Swedish society. Largely
due to an extensive freedom of association, Sweden has become a society
where non-profit associations thrive. Is a nationwide forum for individuals
to unite around common purposes. Non-profit organisations permeate all
aspects of social life—from politics to sports, choral singing, and labor
unions. They impact virtually the entire Swedish population. Yet there is no
general law in Sweden governing non-profit associations.

In Sweden, non-profit associations by definition possess legal personality.
This means they can hold, acquire, and dispose of rights and obligations, as
well as act as a party in court. Legal capacity is the active component of
legal personality: the ability, through legal acts performed by the
association’s representatives, to acquire and relinquish rights and
obligations, as well as being a party in litigation. Legal personality is, by
Swedish law, a binary status that an association either possesses or does not
possess. Legal capacity, however, may be limited.

This thesis describes and analyzes how the concept of legal personality is
regulated in Sweden, Finland, and Norway for non-profit associations. It
subsequently discusses, based on the regulatory frameworks of these three
countries, whether Swedish law should be reformed - with regard to
freedom of association, the principle of popular sovereignty, and the need
for protection of members and contractual counterparts. The following
observations can be made regarding the current legal framework.

The Supreme Court of Sweden (Högsta domstolen) has established a
number of formal requirements that must be met for an entity to qualify as a
non-profit association. Forming a non-profit association in Sweden requires
at least three members to unite with a primarily non-profit purpose and
agree upon bylaws. The bylaws have to stipulate the association’s name,
purpose, and decision-making procedures. Once these requirements are met,
the association becomes a non-profit association with legal personality.
Through the definition of non-profit associations, members are not
personally liable for the association’s obligations.

In Norway, there is no general legislation governing non-profit associations.
The concept of legal personality is considered relative, meaning it is
considered to be a legal characteristic linking certain legal facts with certain
legal consequences. The distinction between the procedural and property
law aspects of legal personality (the relativity) is primarily theoretical and
rarely has practical effect. The determination of whether a non-profit
association has been formed, is made through a substantive overall
assessment, allowing informal and seamless formation processes spiring
from contractual relationships to non-profit associations. The unclear legal 
situation—especially regarding the requirements for a non-profit association
to be recognized as having legal personality—has prompted a legislative
proposal currently under consideration. The proposal largely codifies the
existing legal situation with dispositive provisions.

Finland has, in contrast to Sweden and Norway, had a law regulating nonprofit associations for over 100 years. It suffices that a non-profit
association is formed for it to acquire legal personality, which subjects it to
certain provisions of the Associations Act and grants it limited capacity to
act as a party before courts and other authorities. However, the law imposes
relatively extensive registration requirements for a non-profit association to
acquire full legal capacity.

In light of the differing legal frameworks as well as the the balance between
freedom of association, the principle of popular sovereignty, and the
protection of members and contractual counterparts, the following
conclusions are drawn regarding how Swedish law should be reformed.

The current requirements for an entity to be deemed a non-profit association
with legal personality, as well as the current bounds of legal personality,
should remain. However, going forward, it should explicitly be required that
bylaws be in writing.

A certain degree of procedural party capacity should be considered as
possible to exist independently of legal personality. This means that
associations and their opposing parties always have the right to have a court
determine whether the association meets the requirements to qualify as a
non-profit association with legal personality. It also means that if, during
litigation, an association ceases to fulfill these requirements and thus loses
its legal personality, courts should be able to perform a balancing of
interests that may result in the former non-profit association being attributed
the procedural capacity necessary to resolve the dispute.

A final conclusion is that the content outlined above should be enacted in a
law on non-profit associations. Such a law should, through clear structure,
comprehensible language, and primarily dispositive provisions, aim to
promote—rather than hinder—the extensive life of non-profit associations
that currently exists today.}},
  author       = {{Moks, Vilma}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Idén om den ideella föreningen som juridisk person - en rättsvetenskaplig undersökning kring utformningen av, och kraven för, rättspersonlighet för ideella föreningar i Sverige, Norge och Finland}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}