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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Två vägar till samma mål?
 En komparativ analys av beskattning av fåmansaktiebolag i Sverige och Norge.

Madsstuen, Oscar Henrik LU (2025) LAGF03 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Förevarande uppsats genomför en komparativ analys av den svenska och norska regleringen av beskattningen av aktiva delägare i mindre aktiebolag. I Sverige utgör de så kallade ”3:12-reglerna” ett särskilt regelverk, med syfte att motverka inkomstomvandling från arbetsinkomst till lägre beskattad kapitalinkomst samt att upprätthålla skatteneutralitet mellan olika inkomstslag. Reglerna särskiljer mellan kvalificerade och icke-kvalificerade andelar och föreskriver en skiktad beskattning, där utdelningar upp till ett visst gränsbelopp beskattas som kapitalinkomst, medan överskjutande belopp beskattas som tjänsteinkomst enligt progressiva skattesatser. 
Norge har däremot valt en enhetlig aktiemodell där samma beskattningsregler tillämpas... (More)
Förevarande uppsats genomför en komparativ analys av den svenska och norska regleringen av beskattningen av aktiva delägare i mindre aktiebolag. I Sverige utgör de så kallade ”3:12-reglerna” ett särskilt regelverk, med syfte att motverka inkomstomvandling från arbetsinkomst till lägre beskattad kapitalinkomst samt att upprätthålla skatteneutralitet mellan olika inkomstslag. Reglerna särskiljer mellan kvalificerade och icke-kvalificerade andelar och föreskriver en skiktad beskattning, där utdelningar upp till ett visst gränsbelopp beskattas som kapitalinkomst, medan överskjutande belopp beskattas som tjänsteinkomst enligt progressiva skattesatser. 
Norge har däremot valt en enhetlig aktiemodell där samma beskattningsregler tillämpas oberoende av aktieägarens engagemang i bolaget. Genom införandet av ett skyddsavdrag som undantar ett visst belopp från beskattning, samt en justeringsmekanism som höjer skatteunderlaget med 72 procent, uppnås en effektiv beskattning av utdelning. Denna motsvarar beskattningen av arbetsinkomst, utan att särskilda regler för aktiva delägare har införts.
Uppsatsens analys visar att systemen, trots betydande skillnader i struktur och tillvägagångssätt, i praktiken uppnår liknande effekter i form av  begränsat skattearbitrage, skatteneutralitet mellan kapital- och arbetsinkomster samt reducerade incitament till inkomstomvandling. Den svenska modellen kännetecknas av rättslig precision och individanpassad kontroll, men är samtidigt administrativt betungande och förenad med rättsosäkerhet. Den norska modellen erbjuder en högre grad av enkelhet och förutsebarhet men är mindre anpassningsbar till individuella förhållanden. 
Slutligen konstaterar uppsatsen att de två systemen representerar olika rättspolitiska inriktningar. Den svenska regleringen prioriterar kontroll, noggrannhet och anpassning till verkliga förhållanden, medan den norska modellen betonar formell likabehandling och administrativ effektivitet. Valet mellan dessa system beror ytterst på vilken vikt som i det skattepolitiska sammanhanget läggs vid aspekter såsom rättssäkerhet, förutsebarhet, administrativ hanterbarhet och rättvis fördelning baserad på faktisk arbetsinsats. Jämförelsen illustrerar att funktionell likvärdighet kan uppnås genom olika tekniska lösningar. (Less)
Abstract
This essay undertakes a comparative analysis of the Swedish and Norwegian regulatory frameworks governing the taxation of active shareholders in small private limited liability companies. In Sweden, the so called ”3:12 rules” constitute a specialized regime intended to prevent the conversion of labor income into lower taxed capital income and to uphold the principle of tax neutrality between different types of income. These rules differentiate between qualified and non-qualified shares, applying a layered taxation system whereby dividends within a calculated threshold are taxed as capital income, while excess amounts are reclassified and taxed as labor income at higher progressive rates. 
Norway on the other hand, has adopted a uniform... (More)
This essay undertakes a comparative analysis of the Swedish and Norwegian regulatory frameworks governing the taxation of active shareholders in small private limited liability companies. In Sweden, the so called ”3:12 rules” constitute a specialized regime intended to prevent the conversion of labor income into lower taxed capital income and to uphold the principle of tax neutrality between different types of income. These rules differentiate between qualified and non-qualified shares, applying a layered taxation system whereby dividends within a calculated threshold are taxed as capital income, while excess amounts are reclassified and taxed as labor income at higher progressive rates. 
Norway on the other hand, has adopted a uniform shareholder model where the same tax rules apply regardless of the shareholder’s involvement in the company. By introducing a shield deduction that excludes a certain amount from taxation, along with an adjustment mechanism that increases the tax base by 72 percent, an effective taxation of dividends is achieved. This corresponds to the taxation of employment income, without the introduction of special rules for active shareholders
The analysis demonstrates that despite the profound structural divergences, both regulatory systems converge in their practical outcomes, namely, the containment of tax arbitrage and the achievement of an approximate tax neutrality between labor and capital income. However, the Swedish model, with its reliance on individualized assessments and categorization, offers a more nuanced but administratively burdensome approach. The Norwegian system, by contrast, emphasizes simplicity and predictability at the expense of differentiating between types of shareholder contributions. 
Ultimately, the thesis concludes that the Swedish and Norwegian systems embody two distinct legal policy philosophies. Sweden prioritizes precision, individualized fairness, and targeted anti-avoidance measures, while Norway privileges administrative efficiency and formal equality among taxpayers. The choice between these models thus reflects broader considerations concerning the balance between complexity, legal certainty, administrative manageability, and substantive fairness in the design of tax systems. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Madsstuen, Oscar Henrik LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20251
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Fåmansaktiebolag, Komparativ
language
Swedish
id
9189658
date added to LUP
2025-06-23 13:13:47
date last changed
2025-06-23 13:13:47
@misc{9189658,
  abstract     = {{This essay undertakes a comparative analysis of the Swedish and Norwegian regulatory frameworks governing the taxation of active shareholders in small private limited liability companies. In Sweden, the so called ”3:12 rules” constitute a specialized regime intended to prevent the conversion of labor income into lower taxed capital income and to uphold the principle of tax neutrality between different types of income. These rules differentiate between qualified and non-qualified shares, applying a layered taxation system whereby dividends within a calculated threshold are taxed as capital income, while excess amounts are reclassified and taxed as labor income at higher progressive rates. 
Norway on the other hand, has adopted a uniform shareholder model where the same tax rules apply regardless of the shareholder’s involvement in the company. By introducing a shield deduction that excludes a certain amount from taxation, along with an adjustment mechanism that increases the tax base by 72 percent, an effective taxation of dividends is achieved. This corresponds to the taxation of employment income, without the introduction of special rules for active shareholders
The analysis demonstrates that despite the profound structural divergences, both regulatory systems converge in their practical outcomes, namely, the containment of tax arbitrage and the achievement of an approximate tax neutrality between labor and capital income. However, the Swedish model, with its reliance on individualized assessments and categorization, offers a more nuanced but administratively burdensome approach. The Norwegian system, by contrast, emphasizes simplicity and predictability at the expense of differentiating between types of shareholder contributions. 
Ultimately, the thesis concludes that the Swedish and Norwegian systems embody two distinct legal policy philosophies. Sweden prioritizes precision, individualized fairness, and targeted anti-avoidance measures, while Norway privileges administrative efficiency and formal equality among taxpayers. The choice between these models thus reflects broader considerations concerning the balance between complexity, legal certainty, administrative manageability, and substantive fairness in the design of tax systems.}},
  author       = {{Madsstuen, Oscar Henrik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Två vägar till samma mål?
 En komparativ analys av beskattning av fåmansaktiebolag i Sverige och Norge.}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}