The Appellate Body Crisis - Issues of the DSU and the question of legitimacy behind the obstruction
(2025) LAGF03 20251Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Överprövningsorganet i WTO har varit ur funktion sedan 2019, vilket i prak-tiken har satt hela tvistlösningssystemet i fara eller till och med gjort det helt obrukbart. Det började när USA började blockera utnämningsprocessen till överprövningsorganet och till sist offentliggjorde ett 174-sidigt dokument som ett slags ”casus belli” för sina handlingar. Detta dokument innehöll deras juri-diska invändningar mot att organet ska ha brutit mot flera överenskomna reg-ler samt anklagelser om rättsligt maktmissbruk.
Överträdelsen av etablerade regler fokuserar huvudsakligen på två saker: För det första att överprövningsorganet ignorerade samt regelbundet överskred tidsramen fastställd i artikel 17.5 i DSU. För det andra att regel 15 i... (More) - Överprövningsorganet i WTO har varit ur funktion sedan 2019, vilket i prak-tiken har satt hela tvistlösningssystemet i fara eller till och med gjort det helt obrukbart. Det började när USA började blockera utnämningsprocessen till överprövningsorganet och till sist offentliggjorde ett 174-sidigt dokument som ett slags ”casus belli” för sina handlingar. Detta dokument innehöll deras juri-diska invändningar mot att organet ska ha brutit mot flera överenskomna reg-ler samt anklagelser om rättsligt maktmissbruk.
Överträdelsen av etablerade regler fokuserar huvudsakligen på två saker: För det första att överprövningsorganet ignorerade samt regelbundet överskred tidsramen fastställd i artikel 17.5 i DSU. För det andra att regel 15 i överpröv-ningsorganet interna arbetsregler tillåter avgående ledamöter att fortsätta arbeta med pågående mål efter deras mandatperiod löpt ut, något som aldrig god-känts och potentiellt strider mot artiklarna 17.1 och 17.2 i DSU.
Det kanske viktigast för USA verkar dock vara vad de ser som överpröv-ningsorganets rättsliga överskridanden. De menar att detta sker genom skap-andet av bindande prejudikat, genom otillåtna rådgivande yttranden samt ge-nom att ta upp frågor utanför dess juridiska räckvidd, såsom faktabedömning-ar och nationell lagstiftning. Alla dessa frågor är juridiskt tveksamma och kan ses som en långvarig tolkningskonflikt. De kretsar främst kring tolkningen av artikel 3.2 i DSU, som ger organet mandat att skapa stabilitet och förutsägbar-het, i kontrast till andra artiklar såsom IX:2 i WTO-avtalet och artikel 17.6 i DSU, vilka tydligt begränsar dess befogenheter och, enligt USA, förbjuder de nämnda åtgärderna. Dessa farhågor är inte obefogade då det är högst tveksamt om överprövningsorganet har tolkat dessa artiklar på ett korrekt sätt, vilket lett till en maktutvidgning, vilket i sin tur skapar rättsosäkerhet, kritik och en legi-timitetskris – något som i slutändan skapade förutsättningarna för Appell Body-krisen.
Mot bakgrund av krisen har flera försök gjorts för att upprätthålla WTO:s funktion, särskilt genom skapandet av MPIA, som upprätthåller många av funktionerna och fungerar som en tillfällig alternativ Appell Body. MPIA är dock inte perfekt då det medför flera juridiska problem och saknar en stabil rättslig förankring.
Sammanfattningsvis belyser Appell Body-krisen behovet av tydlighet och precision i WTO-avtalen och DSU. Krisen understryker också vikten av att balansera behovet av stabilitet och förutsägbarhet i tvistlösningsprocessen med behovet av att respektera WTO-medlemmarnas suveränitet, vilket fram-går av olika artiklar i DSU och WTO-avtalet. (Less) - Abstract
- The Appellate Body has been out of function since 2019, effectively putting the entire DSS at risk and in some cases completely out of function. It began when the US started obstructing the appointment process to the Appellate Body. Eventually, they released their 174-page document as a form of “casus belli” for their actions. This involved their legal concerns regarding the Appel-late Body’s alleged breach of several agreed upon rules as well as its alleged attempts at legal overreach.
The breach of established rules mainly focuses on two issues: Firstly, the Ap-pellate Body disregarding and regularly surpassing the timeframe established in article 17.5 of the DSU. Secondly, the Appellate Body’s rule 15 in its working procedures... (More) - The Appellate Body has been out of function since 2019, effectively putting the entire DSS at risk and in some cases completely out of function. It began when the US started obstructing the appointment process to the Appellate Body. Eventually, they released their 174-page document as a form of “casus belli” for their actions. This involved their legal concerns regarding the Appel-late Body’s alleged breach of several agreed upon rules as well as its alleged attempts at legal overreach.
The breach of established rules mainly focuses on two issues: Firstly, the Ap-pellate Body disregarding and regularly surpassing the timeframe established in article 17.5 of the DSU. Secondly, the Appellate Body’s rule 15 in its working procedures allowing outgoing members of the body to continue serv-ing on their unfinished cases past their term limits, which was never agreed upon and could be in violation of articles 17.1 and 17.2 of the DSU.
However, what seems to be the US primary concern is the alleged legal over-reach of the Appellate Body. This, they argue, is being done by the Appellate Body through the creation of binding precedence, unlawful issuing of adviso-ry opinions as well as reviewing things outside its legal scope, such as factual findings and municipal law. All of these issues are legally dubious and can be seen as a long-established clash of interpretations. They center around the extent of article 3.2 of the DSU, which grants the Appellate Body power to create stability and predictability, and other articles such as IX:2 of the WTO agreement and Article 17.6 of the DSU which explicitly limits its powers. The latter of which, according to the US, disallows the actions described. These concerns are quite valid as it is dubious whether the Appellate Body has inter-preted these articles somewhat questionably with its own powers increasing as a consequence. This creates legal uncertainty, cause for criticism and a le-gitimacy-crisis, eventually leading to the Appellate Body Crisis itself.
In light of the crisis several attempts have been made to maintain the function-ing of the WTO, especially through the creation of the MPIA which upholds most of the functions and works sort of as a temporary alternate Appellate Body. The MPIA is not perfect though, as it comes with several legal issues and lack of a stabile legal bearing.
In conclusion, the Appellate Body crisis highlights the need for clarity and precision in the WTO agreements and the DSU. The crisis also underscores the importance of balancing the need for stability and predictability in the dis-pute settlement process with the need to respect the authority of WTO mem-bers, as outlined in various articles of the DSU and the WTO Agreement. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9190602
- author
- Stigenberg, Johan LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- LAGF03 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- M2 - Bachelor Degree
- subject
- keywords
- International trade law, public international law
- language
- English
- id
- 9190602
- date added to LUP
- 2025-06-23 13:31:57
- date last changed
- 2025-06-23 13:31:57
@misc{9190602, abstract = {{The Appellate Body has been out of function since 2019, effectively putting the entire DSS at risk and in some cases completely out of function. It began when the US started obstructing the appointment process to the Appellate Body. Eventually, they released their 174-page document as a form of “casus belli” for their actions. This involved their legal concerns regarding the Appel-late Body’s alleged breach of several agreed upon rules as well as its alleged attempts at legal overreach. The breach of established rules mainly focuses on two issues: Firstly, the Ap-pellate Body disregarding and regularly surpassing the timeframe established in article 17.5 of the DSU. Secondly, the Appellate Body’s rule 15 in its working procedures allowing outgoing members of the body to continue serv-ing on their unfinished cases past their term limits, which was never agreed upon and could be in violation of articles 17.1 and 17.2 of the DSU. However, what seems to be the US primary concern is the alleged legal over-reach of the Appellate Body. This, they argue, is being done by the Appellate Body through the creation of binding precedence, unlawful issuing of adviso-ry opinions as well as reviewing things outside its legal scope, such as factual findings and municipal law. All of these issues are legally dubious and can be seen as a long-established clash of interpretations. They center around the extent of article 3.2 of the DSU, which grants the Appellate Body power to create stability and predictability, and other articles such as IX:2 of the WTO agreement and Article 17.6 of the DSU which explicitly limits its powers. The latter of which, according to the US, disallows the actions described. These concerns are quite valid as it is dubious whether the Appellate Body has inter-preted these articles somewhat questionably with its own powers increasing as a consequence. This creates legal uncertainty, cause for criticism and a le-gitimacy-crisis, eventually leading to the Appellate Body Crisis itself. In light of the crisis several attempts have been made to maintain the function-ing of the WTO, especially through the creation of the MPIA which upholds most of the functions and works sort of as a temporary alternate Appellate Body. The MPIA is not perfect though, as it comes with several legal issues and lack of a stabile legal bearing. In conclusion, the Appellate Body crisis highlights the need for clarity and precision in the WTO agreements and the DSU. The crisis also underscores the importance of balancing the need for stability and predictability in the dis-pute settlement process with the need to respect the authority of WTO mem-bers, as outlined in various articles of the DSU and the WTO Agreement.}}, author = {{Stigenberg, Johan}}, language = {{eng}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{The Appellate Body Crisis - Issues of the DSU and the question of legitimacy behind the obstruction}}, year = {{2025}}, }