Koncentrerad läsning - En undersökning av konkurrensverkets möjligheter att kontrollera företagskoncentrationer på mediemarknaden
(2025) LAGF03 20251Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- In Sweden the media is often called the fourth pillar of government. The pow-er the media has is used to hold persons of power accountable, create opinion, and spread information to the citizens. This is a vital part of a well-functioning democracy. The consolidation of this power could have a negative impact on democracy by reducing the number of perspectives and opinions represented in media overall. How to combat this has been the question of two separate Swedish government investigations from the late 20:th century. The proposals in these investigations never came to fruition but the questions they tried to answer have once again become relevant due to the EU media freedom act (EMFA). Because of article 22 of the act the EU member... (More)
- In Sweden the media is often called the fourth pillar of government. The pow-er the media has is used to hold persons of power accountable, create opinion, and spread information to the citizens. This is a vital part of a well-functioning democracy. The consolidation of this power could have a negative impact on democracy by reducing the number of perspectives and opinions represented in media overall. How to combat this has been the question of two separate Swedish government investigations from the late 20:th century. The proposals in these investigations never came to fruition but the questions they tried to answer have once again become relevant due to the EU media freedom act (EMFA). Because of article 22 of the act the EU member states are required to implement rules to assess media concentrations impact on media pluralism and editorial independence. Because concentration assessments are regulated both on the national level and the union level, I explain the relationship between the systems and how the union system affects the Swedish enforcement of law. This thesis is based upon the previous two investigations but also considers case law, relevant literature and legislative history explaining the purposes of competition law. The question I try to answer in the thesis is whether the Swedish competition agency is allowed to take media pluralism and editorial independence into consideration when assessing a concentration. To do this the essay uses the method of legal dogmatics.
The purpose of competition law is to maintain effective competition for the interests of the economy and consumer interests such as low prices and a wide range of products. Some have argued that the EU competition law also has the purpose to defend democracy and that it should be applied with the rights in the EU-statute in mind. In the two previous investigations the primary issue was if the Swedish competition law even was applicable to media at all because it would go against the freedom of establishment in the Swedish press freedom act which has constitutional status. The first investigation concluded that for the proposed law to be applicable a constitutional amendment to the press freedom act was necessary, however only for clarifying reasons. The second investigation concluded that the question of applicability of the competition law in the constitutionally protected press sector was left unan-swered. The reasoning for applicability was that a prohibition of a concentration would be beneficial to the media pluralism and therefore would be in line with the overarching purposes of the press freedom act. However, a concentration isn’t necessarily bad for media pluralism if both external and internal pluralism is considered. These two types of pluralism should be considered in combination and a concentration which is bad for external pluralism might be good for internal pluralism.
My own conclusions are that the new media freedom act will require assessments of media concentrations impact on media plurality and editorial independence. These could be used by the Swedish competition agency in their assessments of the concentrations impact on the reader’s market when considering the range of products available to consumers. The media concentration assessment could also be used to assess the applicability of the Swedish competition law in the first place. If the media concentration assessment would conclude that a concentration is good for media plurality it would go against the press freedom act to prohibit the concentration.
Finally, I can conclude that the current legal situation is both vague and insufficient to solve the problems of media concentration. This is because the competition isn’t allowed to fully consider all necessary dimensions of a media concentration. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- I Sverige kallar vi ofta media för den fjärde statsmakten. Den makt som medierna besitter att granska makthavare, påverka opinion, förmedla information till medborgare är en väsentlig del i en fungerande demokrati. Konsolidering av denna makt kan få konsekvenser för demokratin genom en likriktning av opinionen, och ett minskat antal perspektiv representerade i rapporteringen. Hur detta kan motverkas har behandlats i två separata utredningar från sent 1900-tal. De ledde inte till någon lagstiftning på sin tid men frågan har åter aktualiserats genom EU:s nya mediefrihetsförordning (EMFA) som ålägger medlemsländerna att inrätta ett system för bedömningar av mediekoncentrat-ioners påverkan på mediepluralism och redaktionellt oberoende. Detta... (More)
- I Sverige kallar vi ofta media för den fjärde statsmakten. Den makt som medierna besitter att granska makthavare, påverka opinion, förmedla information till medborgare är en väsentlig del i en fungerande demokrati. Konsolidering av denna makt kan få konsekvenser för demokratin genom en likriktning av opinionen, och ett minskat antal perspektiv representerade i rapporteringen. Hur detta kan motverkas har behandlats i två separata utredningar från sent 1900-tal. De ledde inte till någon lagstiftning på sin tid men frågan har åter aktualiserats genom EU:s nya mediefrihetsförordning (EMFA) som ålägger medlemsländerna att inrätta ett system för bedömningar av mediekoncentrat-ioners påverkan på mediepluralism och redaktionellt oberoende. Detta arbete tar upp frågan om mediekoncentrationer kan motarbetas genom de svenska reglerna för koncentrationskontroll i konkurrenslagen genom att ta hänsyn till mediepluralism. Då området är reglerat på både EU-nivå och nationell nivå tar jag upp hur dessa två system förhåller sig till varandra och hur EU rätten på-verkar svensk rättstillämpning. Utredningen utgår mycket från de tidigare utredningarna men även praxis på området, litteratur och förarbeten som förkla-rar de syften som ligger bakom koncentrationsreglerna. Jag tillämpar en rättsdogmatisk metod i uppsatsen för att besvara frågan om konkurrensverket får beakta mediepluralism och redaktionellt oberoende vid en koncentrationsbedömning.
Konkurrensrättens syften är att upprätthålla en effektiv konkurrens för bland annat samhällsekonomin, och för att värna om konsumentintressen som låga priser och ett brett utbud. Det har även hävdats av vissa att EU:s konkurrensrätt har ett syfte att värna om demokratin och ska tillämpas med beaktande av rättigheterna i EU-stadgan. I de tidigare utredningarna har det största bekymret varit frågan om koncentrationsreglerna strider mot TF:s etableringsfrihet och därför inte får tillämpas på företag som omfattas av grundlagsskyddet. Den tidigare av de två utredningarna kom fram till att en grundlagsändring var nödvändig för att införa en separat mediekoncentrationslag, men bara av förtydligande skäl. Nästa utredning landade i slutsatsen att det var fortsatt oklart om de vanliga konkurrensreglerna var tillämpliga på medier överhuvudtaget. Argumentet för att regelverket var tillämpligt var att ett koncentrationsförbud skulle verka positivt på mediepluralismen och därmed ligga i linje med TF:s övergripande syfte. Det är däremot inte helt säkert att en koncentration skulle vara negativ för mediepluralismen, om man beaktar både intern och extern pluralism. Dessa två varianter av pluralism ska beaktas i kombination och en koncentration som är negativ för den externa pluralismen skulle kunna vara positiv för den interna pluralismen.
Mina egna slutsatser är att det nya regelverket EMFA kommer att medföra att bedömningar görs av mediekoncentrationers påverkan på mediepluralismen och det redaktionella oberoendet. Dessa kan användas av konkurrensverket för att bedöma koncentrationens påverkan på läsarmarknaden genom att se till konsumenternas utbud. Bedömningen skulle också kunna användas i bedömningen av KL:s tillämplighet i fallen. Om en mediekoncentrationsbedömning skulle fram till att en koncentration hade varit positivt för mediepluralismen detta innebära att ett koncentrationsförbud inte får meddelas eftersom det då skulle gå emot TF:s syften och lagen då skulle strida mot grundlag.
Avslutningsvis kan jag konstatera att det regelverk som gäller idag är otydligt, och otillräckligt för att lösa problemen med mediekoncentrationer eftersom det inte i någon större utsträckning kan beakta mediepluralism i koncentrationsbedömningar. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9190617
- author
- Lorentzon, Fride LU
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- LAGF03 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- M2 - Bachelor Degree
- subject
- keywords
- Konkurrensrätt, Yttrandefrihet, Tryckfrihet, Etableringsfrihet
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9190617
- date added to LUP
- 2025-06-23 13:10:22
- date last changed
- 2025-06-23 13:10:22
@misc{9190617, abstract = {{In Sweden the media is often called the fourth pillar of government. The pow-er the media has is used to hold persons of power accountable, create opinion, and spread information to the citizens. This is a vital part of a well-functioning democracy. The consolidation of this power could have a negative impact on democracy by reducing the number of perspectives and opinions represented in media overall. How to combat this has been the question of two separate Swedish government investigations from the late 20:th century. The proposals in these investigations never came to fruition but the questions they tried to answer have once again become relevant due to the EU media freedom act (EMFA). Because of article 22 of the act the EU member states are required to implement rules to assess media concentrations impact on media pluralism and editorial independence. Because concentration assessments are regulated both on the national level and the union level, I explain the relationship between the systems and how the union system affects the Swedish enforcement of law. This thesis is based upon the previous two investigations but also considers case law, relevant literature and legislative history explaining the purposes of competition law. The question I try to answer in the thesis is whether the Swedish competition agency is allowed to take media pluralism and editorial independence into consideration when assessing a concentration. To do this the essay uses the method of legal dogmatics. The purpose of competition law is to maintain effective competition for the interests of the economy and consumer interests such as low prices and a wide range of products. Some have argued that the EU competition law also has the purpose to defend democracy and that it should be applied with the rights in the EU-statute in mind. In the two previous investigations the primary issue was if the Swedish competition law even was applicable to media at all because it would go against the freedom of establishment in the Swedish press freedom act which has constitutional status. The first investigation concluded that for the proposed law to be applicable a constitutional amendment to the press freedom act was necessary, however only for clarifying reasons. The second investigation concluded that the question of applicability of the competition law in the constitutionally protected press sector was left unan-swered. The reasoning for applicability was that a prohibition of a concentration would be beneficial to the media pluralism and therefore would be in line with the overarching purposes of the press freedom act. However, a concentration isn’t necessarily bad for media pluralism if both external and internal pluralism is considered. These two types of pluralism should be considered in combination and a concentration which is bad for external pluralism might be good for internal pluralism. My own conclusions are that the new media freedom act will require assessments of media concentrations impact on media plurality and editorial independence. These could be used by the Swedish competition agency in their assessments of the concentrations impact on the reader’s market when considering the range of products available to consumers. The media concentration assessment could also be used to assess the applicability of the Swedish competition law in the first place. If the media concentration assessment would conclude that a concentration is good for media plurality it would go against the press freedom act to prohibit the concentration. Finally, I can conclude that the current legal situation is both vague and insufficient to solve the problems of media concentration. This is because the competition isn’t allowed to fully consider all necessary dimensions of a media concentration.}}, author = {{Lorentzon, Fride}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Koncentrerad läsning - En undersökning av konkurrensverkets möjligheter att kontrollera företagskoncentrationer på mediemarknaden}}, year = {{2025}}, }