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Pixel för pixel: Skärmen som brottsplats - En studie om gränsdragningen mellan våldtäkt mot barn och sexuellt övergrepp mot barn i digitala sammanhang

Ghonaim, Maria LU (2025) LAGF03 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den tekniska utvecklingen har möjliggjort nya former av sexuella övergrepp mot barn, där fysiskt möte mellan förövare och barn ofta helt uteblir. Detta har lett till olika typer av utmaningar till det straffrättsliga system som länge varit inriktat på fysiska övergrepp. Trots att forskning visar att digitala övergrepp kan orsaka ett psykiskt lidande som är jämförbart med de vid fysiska handlingar, har rättstillämpningen länge präglats av oklarheter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att klarlägga vilka omständigheter som är avgörande för bedömningen av om en sexuell handling på distans ska anses jämförlig med samlag enligt 6 kap. 4 § brottsbalken, med särskilt fokus på gränsdragningen mellan våldtäkt mot barn och sexuellt övergrepp mot... (More)
Den tekniska utvecklingen har möjliggjort nya former av sexuella övergrepp mot barn, där fysiskt möte mellan förövare och barn ofta helt uteblir. Detta har lett till olika typer av utmaningar till det straffrättsliga system som länge varit inriktat på fysiska övergrepp. Trots att forskning visar att digitala övergrepp kan orsaka ett psykiskt lidande som är jämförbart med de vid fysiska handlingar, har rättstillämpningen länge präglats av oklarheter. Syftet med denna studie är därför att klarlägga vilka omständigheter som är avgörande för bedömningen av om en sexuell handling på distans ska anses jämförlig med samlag enligt 6 kap. 4 § brottsbalken, med särskilt fokus på gränsdragningen mellan våldtäkt mot barn och sexuellt övergrepp mot barn enligt 6 kap. 6 § brottsbalken.
Uppsatsen belyser även hur sexuallagstiftningen gradvis har utvecklats, där 2005 års reform utgjorde en betydelsefull vändpunkt genom införandet av begreppet ”sexuell handling”. Syftet var att det nya uttrycket i huvudsak skulle omfatta samma typer av beteenden som tidigare, men med ett något vidare räckvidd. 2018 års reform införde handlingsrekvisitet "genomför" generellt för att stärka skyddet, men också för att inkludera distansbrott. Emellertid framhölls det i NJA 2018 s. 1103 att "genomför" krävde gärningsmannens deltagande "under själva utförandet". Detta skapade en lucka för sexuella handlingar som sker under tidsmässigt uppdelade förlopp, denna luckan täpptes sedan till genom 2022 års reform som införde "otillbörlighetsrekvisitet".
En observation vid jämförelser av rättsfallen är att penetration som barnet utfört på sig själv typiskt sett är avgörande för att ett brott ska rubriceras som våldtäkt mot barn. Det har dock framkommit av praxis att andra omständigheter som barnets unga ålder, dokumentation, oro för spridning och förnedrande inslag förstärker kränkningen. Rättsutvecklingen fortsätter att anpassas kontinuerligt till sexuella distansbrott, men utmaningar kvarstår för att säkerställa konsekvent och rättssäker tillämpning. Trots dessa anpassningar kan oklarheter kring tolkningar av bevisvärderingen av den sexuella handlingen som skett på distans, fortfarande skapa rättsosäkerhet. Uppsatsen lyfter därmed också upp de komplexa utmaningarna för rättssystemet att upprätthålla en konsekvent och rättssäker tillämpning i den ständigt utvecklade digitala miljön. (Less)
Abstract
Advancements in technology have enabled new forms of child sexual abuse, where physical contact between the perpetrator and the child is entirely absent. This development challenged a criminal justice system which has historically focused on physical offences. Research shows that children that have been subjected to online sexual abuse often experience psychological harm that is just as severe as those caused by physical abuse. Despite this, legal practice has long been marked by uncertainty when it comes to assessing such remote acts. The aim of this study is to examine the circumstances under which an online sexual act can be considered equivalent to sexual intercourse under chapter 6, section 4 of the swedish criminal code, with... (More)
Advancements in technology have enabled new forms of child sexual abuse, where physical contact between the perpetrator and the child is entirely absent. This development challenged a criminal justice system which has historically focused on physical offences. Research shows that children that have been subjected to online sexual abuse often experience psychological harm that is just as severe as those caused by physical abuse. Despite this, legal practice has long been marked by uncertainty when it comes to assessing such remote acts. The aim of this study is to examine the circumstances under which an online sexual act can be considered equivalent to sexual intercourse under chapter 6, section 4 of the swedish criminal code, with particular focus on the distinction between rape of a child and sexual abuse of a child under chapter 6, section 6. The thesis illustrates the development of the legal framework, with the 2005 reform marking a key shift through the introduction of the term "sexual act". The intention was to maintain the scope of previously criminalised behaviours while slightly expanding its coverage. In the 2018 reform, the legal act requirement "commits" was introduced for multiple reasons, one of them being to cover remote offences.
However, the supreme court ruling in NJA 2018 p. 1103 clarified that it required the perpetrator’s participation during the act’s execution. This created a gap in criminal liability for sexual acts occurring in temporally fragmented stages. The 2022 reform addressed this by introducing the element “induces”, which applies when the offender improperly influences the child to perform the act, even without being physically present, provided there is a link between the inducement and the act. By comparing and analyzing case law, there are indications that penetration carried out by the child on themselves typically serves as a
decisive factor for an offence to be classified as rape of a child. Additionally, case law demonstrates that factors, such as the child’s young age, documentation of the act, fear of dissemination, and degrading elements can significantly aggravate the violation. While the legal framework is gradually adapting to digital crimes, challenges remain in ensuring a consistent application and maintaining legal security. Despite recent reforms and adaptations, uncertainty persists regarding how the evidential value of remotely committed sexual acts is interpreted. The thesis highlights the complex challenges the criminal justice system faces in ensuring coherence and legal certainty in a rapidly evolving digital environment. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ghonaim, Maria LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20251
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, Sexualbrott, Sexuellt övergrepp mot barn, Distansbrott, Digitala brott
language
Swedish
id
9196123
date added to LUP
2026-02-10 10:50:28
date last changed
2026-02-10 10:50:28
@misc{9196123,
  abstract     = {{Advancements in technology have enabled new forms of child sexual abuse, where physical contact between the perpetrator and the child is entirely absent. This development challenged a criminal justice system which has historically focused on physical offences. Research shows that children that have been subjected to online sexual abuse often experience psychological harm that is just as severe as those caused by physical abuse. Despite this, legal practice has long been marked by uncertainty when it comes to assessing such remote acts. The aim of this study is to examine the circumstances under which an online sexual act can be considered equivalent to sexual intercourse under chapter 6, section 4 of the swedish criminal code, with particular focus on the distinction between rape of a child and sexual abuse of a child under chapter 6, section 6. The thesis illustrates the development of the legal framework, with the 2005 reform marking a key shift through the introduction of the term "sexual act". The intention was to maintain the scope of previously criminalised behaviours while slightly expanding its coverage. In the 2018 reform, the legal act requirement "commits" was introduced for multiple reasons, one of them being to cover remote offences.
However, the supreme court ruling in NJA 2018 p. 1103 clarified that it required the perpetrator’s participation during the act’s execution. This created a gap in criminal liability for sexual acts occurring in temporally fragmented stages. The 2022 reform addressed this by introducing the element “induces”, which applies when the offender improperly influences the child to perform the act, even without being physically present, provided there is a link between the inducement and the act. By comparing and analyzing case law, there are indications that penetration carried out by the child on themselves typically serves as a
decisive factor for an offence to be classified as rape of a child. Additionally, case law demonstrates that factors, such as the child’s young age, documentation of the act, fear of dissemination, and degrading elements can significantly aggravate the violation. While the legal framework is gradually adapting to digital crimes, challenges remain in ensuring a consistent application and maintaining legal security. Despite recent reforms and adaptations, uncertainty persists regarding how the evidential value of remotely committed sexual acts is interpreted. The thesis highlights the complex challenges the criminal justice system faces in ensuring coherence and legal certainty in a rapidly evolving digital environment.}},
  author       = {{Ghonaim, Maria}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Pixel för pixel: Skärmen som brottsplats - En studie om gränsdragningen mellan våldtäkt mot barn och sexuellt övergrepp mot barn i digitala sammanhang}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}