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Hur bör handel med kryptovalutor beskattas - En rättsdogmatisk utredning om beskattning av kryptovalutor

Wiberg, Erik LU (2025) HARH13 20251
Department of Business Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Studien syftar till att rättsdogmatiskt undersöka hur kryptovalutor ska beskattas enligt svensk inkomstskattelag. Uppsatsen analyserar även hur denna nya typ av valuta bör klassificeras enligt gällande rätt samt vilket inkomstslag som är mest tillämpbar vid beskattning. Studien grundas på lagstiftning, förarbeten, praxis från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen, uttalanden från Skatteverket och doktrin.

Kryptovalutor definieras varken som delägarrätter eller fordringsrätter enligt inkomstskattelagens bestämmelser. De saknar koppling till juridisk person och uppfyller inte kraven på vare sig associationsrättsliga rättigheter eller statligt erkännande som valuta. Därför klassificeras kryptovalutor som andra tillgångar enligt 52 kap. IL. Detta... (More)
Studien syftar till att rättsdogmatiskt undersöka hur kryptovalutor ska beskattas enligt svensk inkomstskattelag. Uppsatsen analyserar även hur denna nya typ av valuta bör klassificeras enligt gällande rätt samt vilket inkomstslag som är mest tillämpbar vid beskattning. Studien grundas på lagstiftning, förarbeten, praxis från Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen, uttalanden från Skatteverket och doktrin.

Kryptovalutor definieras varken som delägarrätter eller fordringsrätter enligt inkomstskattelagens bestämmelser. De saknar koppling till juridisk person och uppfyller inte kraven på vare sig associationsrättsliga rättigheter eller statligt erkännande som valuta. Därför klassificeras kryptovalutor som andra tillgångar enligt 52 kap. IL. Detta innebär att kapitalvinster är fullt skattepliktiga, medan kapitalförluster endast är avdragsgilla till 70 procent. För fysiska personer medför detta att handel med kryptovalutor i regel beskattas i inkomstslaget kapital.

I de fall där verksamheten bedrivs yrkesmässigt, självständigt och varaktigt såsom vid mining i organiserad form, kan dock beskattning komma att ske i inkomstslaget näringsverksamhet. För juridiska personer sker all beskattning i inkomstslaget näringsverksamhet, även om kapitalvinstregler används för att beräkna resultatet av kryptotransaktioner.

Vid bedömningen tillämpas skatterättsliga principer som t.ex. legalitetsprincipen, neutralitetsprincipen och likformighetsprincipen. Uppsatsen belyser att nuvarande rättstillämpning bygger på en restriktiv lagtolkning, där kryptovalutor behandlas som spekulativa tillgångar snarare än som fiatvaluta. Trots att vissa länder erkänt kryptovalutor som lagligt betalmedel, har detta ännu inte påverkat den svenska rättstillämpningens klassificering.

Slutsatsen av denna kandidatuppsats är att handel med kryptovalutor även fortsättningsvis bör beskattas i inkomstslaget kapital enligt reglerna för ”andra tillgångar”, såvida inte tydliga rekvisit för näringsverksamhet är uppfyllda. Uppsatsen understryker också behovet av framtida lagändringar i takt med kryptomarknadens utveckling. (Less)
Abstract
This study aims to conduct a legal dogmatic analysis of how cryptocurrencies should be taxed under the Swedish income Tax Act. The thesis examines how this new type of currency should be classified under current law and which income category is most applicable for taxation. The study is based on legislation, preparatory works, case law from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen), guidance from the Swedish Tax Agency (Skatteverket) and the doctrine.

Cryptocurrencies are not defined as equity-based securities or debt instruments under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. They lack a connection to a legal entity and do not meet the requirements for either shareholders rights or state recognition as... (More)
This study aims to conduct a legal dogmatic analysis of how cryptocurrencies should be taxed under the Swedish income Tax Act. The thesis examines how this new type of currency should be classified under current law and which income category is most applicable for taxation. The study is based on legislation, preparatory works, case law from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen), guidance from the Swedish Tax Agency (Skatteverket) and the doctrine.

Cryptocurrencies are not defined as equity-based securities or debt instruments under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. They lack a connection to a legal entity and do not meet the requirements for either shareholders rights or state recognition as currency. As such, cryptocurrencies are classified as “other assets” under chapter 52 of the Income Tax Act. This entails that capital gains are fully taxable, while capital losses are only deductible at 70 percent. For natural persons, this means that trading in cryptocurrencies is generally taxed under the income category of capital.

However, in cases where activity is carried out professionally, independently, and with continuity such as organized mining, taxation may fall under the income category of business income. For legal entities, all taxation occurs within the business income category, although capital gains provisions are used to calculate the results of cryptocurrency transactions.

In determining the appropriate tax treatment, fundamental tax law principles such as the principle of legality, the principle of neutrality, and the principle of equal treatment are applied. The thesis demonstrates that current legal practise is based on a restrictive interpretation, treating cryptocurrencies as speculative assets rather than as currency. Although some countries have recognized crypto currencies as a legal tender, this may not yet influence the classification under Swedish law.

The conclusion of this bachelor ́s thesis is that trading in cryptocurrencies should continue to be taxed in the income category of capital, under the rules for “other assets”, unless the legal requirements for business income are clearly met. The study also emphasizes the need for future legislative reform in step with the ongoing development of the cryptocurrency market. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wiberg, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
course
HARH13 20251
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Bitcoin, Kryptovalutor, Fiatvalutor, Beskattning, Inkomstskattelagen, Crypto Currencies, Fiat Money, Taxation, Income Tax Act
language
Swedish
id
9196180
date added to LUP
2025-10-08 09:16:49
date last changed
2025-10-08 09:16:49
@misc{9196180,
  abstract     = {{This study aims to conduct a legal dogmatic analysis of how cryptocurrencies should be taxed under the Swedish income Tax Act. The thesis examines how this new type of currency should be classified under current law and which income category is most applicable for taxation. The study is based on legislation, preparatory works, case law from the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court (Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen), guidance from the Swedish Tax Agency (Skatteverket) and the doctrine.

Cryptocurrencies are not defined as equity-based securities or debt instruments under the provisions of the Income Tax Act. They lack a connection to a legal entity and do not meet the requirements for either shareholders rights or state recognition as currency. As such, cryptocurrencies are classified as “other assets” under chapter 52 of the Income Tax Act. This entails that capital gains are fully taxable, while capital losses are only deductible at 70 percent. For natural persons, this means that trading in cryptocurrencies is generally taxed under the income category of capital.

However, in cases where activity is carried out professionally, independently, and with continuity such as organized mining, taxation may fall under the income category of business income. For legal entities, all taxation occurs within the business income category, although capital gains provisions are used to calculate the results of cryptocurrency transactions.

In determining the appropriate tax treatment, fundamental tax law principles such as the principle of legality, the principle of neutrality, and the principle of equal treatment are applied. The thesis demonstrates that current legal practise is based on a restrictive interpretation, treating cryptocurrencies as speculative assets rather than as currency. Although some countries have recognized crypto currencies as a legal tender, this may not yet influence the classification under Swedish law.

The conclusion of this bachelor ́s thesis is that trading in cryptocurrencies should continue to be taxed in the income category of capital, under the rules for “other assets”, unless the legal requirements for business income are clearly met. The study also emphasizes the need for future legislative reform in step with the ongoing development of the cryptocurrency market.}},
  author       = {{Wiberg, Erik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hur bör handel med kryptovalutor beskattas - En rättsdogmatisk utredning om beskattning av kryptovalutor}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}