Uppsåt till ofrivillighet: En empirisk studie av tingsrätters uppsåtsbedömningar i våldtäktsmål.
(2025) JURM02 20251Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- According to the current wording of the rape provision in Swedish law, the dividing line for criminal liability lies in whether the injured party’s participation was voluntary or not. The fact that the provision focuses on lack of consent entails that difficult assessments must be made regarding the defendant’s intent. It is not only a matter of assessing the defendant's mental state at the time of the act, but also of relating their awareness to another person’s will. How this assessment is carried out in practice is largely unexplored.
The thesis therefore aims to contribute to a better understanding of how the assessment of intent regarding the requirement of lack of consent is conducted in practice. The thesis includes an empirical... (More) - According to the current wording of the rape provision in Swedish law, the dividing line for criminal liability lies in whether the injured party’s participation was voluntary or not. The fact that the provision focuses on lack of consent entails that difficult assessments must be made regarding the defendant’s intent. It is not only a matter of assessing the defendant's mental state at the time of the act, but also of relating their awareness to another person’s will. How this assessment is carried out in practice is largely unexplored.
The thesis therefore aims to contribute to a better understanding of how the assessment of intent regarding the requirement of lack of consent is conducted in practice. The thesis includes an empirical study of thirty district court judgments in rape cases. Through a qualitative textual analysis of the judicial reasoning, the thesis examines how thoroughly intent is addressed, which circumstances are repeatedly considered relevant in the assessment, and under what circumstances oblique intention and intentional indifference, respectively, have been established. It also sheds light on the consistency of the practical application by focusing on patterns and variations in the assessments.
Within the examined material, it is shown that reasoning concerning intent is generally reported in detail, but less developed in cases where oblique intention has been established. Judgments involving an assessment of intentional indifference often contain more extensively reasoned arguments. In a few cases, reasoning on intent is entirely absent. Furthermore, clear patterns emerge in cases where oblique intention was established, including that the injured party had clearly expressed non-consent or that the defendant had used physical violence in relation to the act. However, the circumstances deemed relevant in the assessment of intentional indifference are more varied. It is also shown that the prior relationship between the parties does not appear to have a general impact on the assessment of the defendant’s intent, but in some cases it seems to influence how other circumstances are evaluated. Another conclusion is that the courts conduct a holistic assessment of the circumstances of the case, in which both preceding and subsequent events and actions are taken into account. It is found that intent is clearly established when the injured party has verbally expressed non-consent, but less clearly when non-consent has been expressed in other ways. There are also indications that the purpose of any physical violence, as well as the location of the alleged offence, influence the assessment. It is further found that a lack of assurance of voluntariness often leads to a finding of intent. The injured party’s passivity before or during the sexual act also has an impact, and different conclusions are drawn depending on how this passivity was expressed. Moreover, there are signs that in cases where an initially voluntary sexual act occurred, it is less common for the court to find intent regarding the subsequent involuntary act. The overall conclusion is that the application is largely consistent, but that variations do occur, likely due in many cases to the significant role of the court’s moral conceptions in the individual case. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Enligt den gällande lydelsen av våldtäktsbestämmelsen går gränsen för straffbarhet vid huruvida målsägandens deltagande är frivilligt eller inte. Att fokus i bestämmelsen ligger på bristande frivillighet medför att svåra bedömningar måste göras av den tilltalades uppsåt. Det ska inte enbart göras en bedömning av den tilltalades mentala tillstånd vid gärningstillfället, utan dennes insikt ska även relateras till en annan persons vilja. Hur denna bedömning går till i praktiken är i huvudsak tidigare obeforskat.
Mot denna bakgrund är uppsatsens syfte att bidra till en bättre förståelse av hur bedömningen av uppsåt till rekvisitet bristande frivillighet utförs i praktiken. I uppsatsen genomförs en empirisk studie av trettio... (More) - Enligt den gällande lydelsen av våldtäktsbestämmelsen går gränsen för straffbarhet vid huruvida målsägandens deltagande är frivilligt eller inte. Att fokus i bestämmelsen ligger på bristande frivillighet medför att svåra bedömningar måste göras av den tilltalades uppsåt. Det ska inte enbart göras en bedömning av den tilltalades mentala tillstånd vid gärningstillfället, utan dennes insikt ska även relateras till en annan persons vilja. Hur denna bedömning går till i praktiken är i huvudsak tidigare obeforskat.
Mot denna bakgrund är uppsatsens syfte att bidra till en bättre förståelse av hur bedömningen av uppsåt till rekvisitet bristande frivillighet utförs i praktiken. I uppsatsen genomförs en empirisk studie av trettio tingsrättsavgöranden i våldtäktsmål. Genom kvalitativ textanalys av domskälen fokuserar uppsatsen på att klarlägga hur utförligt uppsåtsresonemangen redovisas, vilka omständigheter som återkommande tillmäts betydelse vid bedömningen samt under vilka förhållanden som insikts- respektive likgiltighetsuppsåt har ansetts föreligga. Uppsatsen belyser även den praktiska tillämpningens enhetlighet genom att fokusera på mönster och variation i bedömningarna.
Inom ramen för det undersökta materialet visas att uppsåtsresonemangen generellt sett redovisas utförligt, men att motiveringarna är mindre utvecklade när insiktsuppsåt konstateras. Resonemangen i domar där en prövning av likgiltighetsuppsåt ingått är ofta mer utförligt motiverade. I ett fåtal fall förekommer även att uppsåtsresonemang helt saknas. Vidare konstateras att det finns tydliga mönster i de fall där insiktsuppsåt konstaterades, bland annat att målsäganden tydligt uttryckt ofrivillighet eller att den tilltalade brukat fysiskt våld i samband med gärningstillfället, men att de omständigheter som tillmäts betydelse vid bedömningen av likgiltighetsuppsåt är mer varierande. Det visas även att parternas tidigare relation inte har någon generell inverkan på uppsåtsbedömningen, men att den i vissa fall tycks påverka hur övriga omständigheter värderas. En ytterligare slutsats är att det görs en helhetsbedömning av omständigheterna i målet varvid både föregående och efterföljande händelser och handlingar beaktas. Det framgår att det är tydligt att uppsåt konstateras när målsäganden verbalt uttryckt ofrivillighet, men mindre tydligt när ofrivilligheten har uttryckts på annat sätt. Vidare ses tendenser till att syftet med förekommande fysiskt våld samt platsen för den åtalade händelsen påverkar bedömningen. Det konstateras även att bristande förvissande om frivillighet ofta leder till att uppsåt konstateras. Målsägandens passivitet före eller under den sexuella handlingen har också en inverkan och olika bedömningar görs beroende på hur passiviteten har tagit sig uttryck. Vidare ses tecken på att det i fall då ett inledande frivilligt samlag förekommit mer sällan bedöms att uppsåt förelegat till den senare ofrivilliga sexuella handlingen. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att tillämpningen i huvudsak är enhetlig, samtidigt som variationer också förekommer, vilket sannolikt i många fall beror på att rättens moraliska föreställningar får stor betydelse i det enskilda fallet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9198744
- author
- Ahlgren, Olivia LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Intent Regarding Lack of Consent: An Empirical Study of District Courts' Assessments of Intent in Rape Cases.
- course
- JURM02 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- straffrätt, straffprocessrätt, uppsåt, insikt, likgiltighet, våldtäkt, bevisvärdering
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9198744
- date added to LUP
- 2025-09-05 14:39:01
- date last changed
- 2025-09-05 15:23:36
@misc{9198744, abstract = {{According to the current wording of the rape provision in Swedish law, the dividing line for criminal liability lies in whether the injured party’s participation was voluntary or not. The fact that the provision focuses on lack of consent entails that difficult assessments must be made regarding the defendant’s intent. It is not only a matter of assessing the defendant's mental state at the time of the act, but also of relating their awareness to another person’s will. How this assessment is carried out in practice is largely unexplored. The thesis therefore aims to contribute to a better understanding of how the assessment of intent regarding the requirement of lack of consent is conducted in practice. The thesis includes an empirical study of thirty district court judgments in rape cases. Through a qualitative textual analysis of the judicial reasoning, the thesis examines how thoroughly intent is addressed, which circumstances are repeatedly considered relevant in the assessment, and under what circumstances oblique intention and intentional indifference, respectively, have been established. It also sheds light on the consistency of the practical application by focusing on patterns and variations in the assessments. Within the examined material, it is shown that reasoning concerning intent is generally reported in detail, but less developed in cases where oblique intention has been established. Judgments involving an assessment of intentional indifference often contain more extensively reasoned arguments. In a few cases, reasoning on intent is entirely absent. Furthermore, clear patterns emerge in cases where oblique intention was established, including that the injured party had clearly expressed non-consent or that the defendant had used physical violence in relation to the act. However, the circumstances deemed relevant in the assessment of intentional indifference are more varied. It is also shown that the prior relationship between the parties does not appear to have a general impact on the assessment of the defendant’s intent, but in some cases it seems to influence how other circumstances are evaluated. Another conclusion is that the courts conduct a holistic assessment of the circumstances of the case, in which both preceding and subsequent events and actions are taken into account. It is found that intent is clearly established when the injured party has verbally expressed non-consent, but less clearly when non-consent has been expressed in other ways. There are also indications that the purpose of any physical violence, as well as the location of the alleged offence, influence the assessment. It is further found that a lack of assurance of voluntariness often leads to a finding of intent. The injured party’s passivity before or during the sexual act also has an impact, and different conclusions are drawn depending on how this passivity was expressed. Moreover, there are signs that in cases where an initially voluntary sexual act occurred, it is less common for the court to find intent regarding the subsequent involuntary act. The overall conclusion is that the application is largely consistent, but that variations do occur, likely due in many cases to the significant role of the court’s moral conceptions in the individual case.}}, author = {{Ahlgren, Olivia}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Uppsåt till ofrivillighet: En empirisk studie av tingsrätters uppsåtsbedömningar i våldtäktsmål.}}, year = {{2025}}, }