Framtidens effektprofiler: Hur småhus möter ett elsystem i förändring
(2025) In IMES FMIM01 20251Environmental and Energy Systems Studies
- Abstract
- The objective of this study is to investigate how the power profiles of residential houses in Sweden may look like in the future. Median power profiles for typical summer and winter days were created using real customer data. The customer group analyzed consists of houses in southern Sweden, SE4, equipped with both
solar electricity production (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) with home charging stations. This group was selected to represent a growing segment of residential customers that reflects the characteristics of the houses of tomorrow. Simulations were conducted to assess the potential impact of home batteries, Vehicle-to-Grid
(V2G) technology, and smart charging on the established median power profiles. These simulations were... (More) - The objective of this study is to investigate how the power profiles of residential houses in Sweden may look like in the future. Median power profiles for typical summer and winter days were created using real customer data. The customer group analyzed consists of houses in southern Sweden, SE4, equipped with both
solar electricity production (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) with home charging stations. This group was selected to represent a growing segment of residential customers that reflects the characteristics of the houses of tomorrow. Simulations were conducted to assess the potential impact of home batteries, Vehicle-to-Grid
(V2G) technology, and smart charging on the established median power profiles. These simulations were based on two scenarios: One were the greatest cost savings is achieved by flattening out the power profile, and one were they are achieved by adapting to price variations. A literature review was also carried out in
order to find information that were useful for the simulations as well as to examine how energy efficiency improvements, electricity prices, tariff structures, and policy instruments influence power profiles. The report presents examples of how power profiles may appear under different scenarios. By examining the median
profiles, some conclusions could be drawn: The customer group studied will probably see an increased self-use of solar power. Furthermore, solar power production during summer is higher than the winter consumption, suggesting that it will become the dimensioning factor in grid planning. Another observations is that feed-in
to the grid tend to be higher on weekdays compared to weekends.
The study further indicates that enabling technologies such as V2G, home batteries, and smart charging may be essential to see any kind of change in the profiles, as previous research has shown limited behavioral response to price signals alone. V2G have the potential to change the power profiles drastically with high peaks and low valleys when optimized according to electricity prices. In contrast, if the goal is to smoothen the profiles, home batteries appear more effective. Smart charging has the least impact. However, there is much evidence that the chosen methodology has led to an underestimation of the total charging demand of households, which in turn limits the potential. For some scenarios where optimization is based on electricity
prices, extreme fluctuations in the profiles can be observed, which sometimes results in reversed grid flows where electricity is being fed into the grid from homes even during periods without solar radiation. Furthermore, while overall energy use may change, these shifts are likely to be less significant than the ability to shift loads in time. Energy efficiency is not expected to be a major driver of change, except in scenarios with sustained high electricity prices. The power profiles can look very different depending on several factors, such as whether tariffs or an increased variation of electricity prices become the dominant optimization parameter, and which technologies are widely adopted by households. However, a consistent pattern across all scenarios is a reduction in grid power consumption during the evening peak, around the time 18–19, with a corresponding increase in consumption during nighttime and/or daytime hours.
Beyond insights into the possible shapes of future power profiles, an important conclusion is that accurate forecasting of these profiles remains a major challenge primarily due to a lack of transparency regarding behind-the-meter activities in households. The lack of information regarding heating systems, home batteries and home charging for each metering point further complicate forecacsting. Although the original plan was to also assess the impact of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) on the profiles, this was later reduced to smart charging only due to the unavailability of necessary data. For improved forecasting and analysis, it is
crucial that grid operators collect more detailed information about their customers. Motivation for customers to share information could be lower network charges as a consequence of more accurate analyses leading to more efficient network usage. (Less) - Popular Abstract (Swedish)
- Småhus med småskalig solproduktion och elbil kommer bidra med skarpa förändringar i elsystemet. Denna studie undersöker hur möjliggörande tekniker i form av smart laddning, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) och hembatterier samtsamhällsvetenskapliga påverkansfaktorer kommer vidare bidra till denna förändring. Studien visar att formen av styrande prissignalsamt utbredningsgraden av dessa tekniker kommer ha en stor påverkan för utfallet. Vidare visas en entydighet i att effekttoppen vid klockan 18-19 för småhus minskar i storlek, från minskningar på 7% till lokala minimum.
Med elektrifieringen av Sveriges industrier och fordonsflotta står elnätet inför en utmaning utan historisk motsvarighet. Varken producent eller konsument undgår granskningen av... (More) - Småhus med småskalig solproduktion och elbil kommer bidra med skarpa förändringar i elsystemet. Denna studie undersöker hur möjliggörande tekniker i form av smart laddning, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) och hembatterier samtsamhällsvetenskapliga påverkansfaktorer kommer vidare bidra till denna förändring. Studien visar att formen av styrande prissignalsamt utbredningsgraden av dessa tekniker kommer ha en stor påverkan för utfallet. Vidare visas en entydighet i att effekttoppen vid klockan 18-19 för småhus minskar i storlek, från minskningar på 7% till lokala minimum.
Med elektrifieringen av Sveriges industrier och fordonsflotta står elnätet inför en utmaning utan historisk motsvarighet. Varken producent eller konsument undgår granskningen av flexibilitet, där det är kombinationen av flera olika möjligheter som aggregerat kan leda till framtidens lösningar. Ett lysande exempel, där flera små bidrag kan leda till en större aggregerad effekt, är för kundgruppen småhus (villor, radhus, kedjehus och parhus). Detta är en kundgrupp där förändringar idag orsakas av solproduktion och elbilarsom flyttar in, men även nya tekniker som möjliggör lagring och förflyttning av energi i tid så som hembatterier och dubbelriktad laddning för elbilar (V2G).
Genom att generera, modifiera och studera effektprofiler för E.ON Energidistributions småhuskunder ämnar denna studie att kunna härleda effektbalansen för framtidens småhus. Dessa effektprofiler visar hur stor effekt som småhusen konsumerar eller matar in på elnätet varje timme under ett dygn. Med en tvådelad metodik, där litteraturstudie kombineras med dataanalys, kartläggs effektprofiler för småhus med framtidens egenskaper. Dessa lägger sedan en grundförståelse för hur en utökad utbredning av möjliggörande tekniker kommer att påverka småhusens nyttjande av nätet.
Av de dryga 8700 kunder som analyserades i södra Sverige träder tydliga skillnader fram för denna kundgrupp i jämförelse med den klassiska villakunden. Solproduktion leder till omvända flöden större delar av dygnet försommarmånaderna, vilket innebär att el från husen matas in på elnätet istället för tvärtom som idag anses vara det normala. I dessa fall överstiger dessutom effekten det genomsnittliga globala maximumet för vintern, vilket talar för att det kommer bli sommarens höga produktion som blir dimensionerande för elnätet i framtiden istället för vinterns höga konsumtion som i dagsläget. Vidare visas det att hemladdning har bidragit till en mycket större spridning av uttag från elnätet för inkopplingstimmarna 17–09.
När hembatterier, V2G och smart laddning sedan simulerades, med varierande utbredningsgrad, trädde nya effektprofiler fram. Teknikerna instruerades att optimera efter två olika förutsättningar: en utjämning av profilen eller en anpassning efter varierande elpriser. Hembatterier visade sig vara bättre på att jämna ut effektprofilen, trots lägre lagringskapacitet i jämförelse med bilbatterier, på grund av att elbilarna inte befinner sig i hemmet konstant. Tvärtom, för anpassning efter varierande elpriser visade sig V2G som ett lovande alternativ till kostnadsbesparingar för hushåll eftersom det finns ett tydligt överlapp mellan tider för höga/låga elpriser och tillgängligheten för bilen i hemmet. De samhällsvetenskapliga påverkansfaktorerna visar också på en samstämmighet för att driva en ökad egenanvändning av el från solproduktion. Detta kan innebära en teknisk utmaning eftersom hembatterier begränsas av lägre lagringskapacitet och V2G begränsas av konsumtionsmönster.
Avslutningsvis härleds hur tekniska förutsättningar och samhällsvetenskapliga påverkansfaktorer är starkt sammanflätade, där en förändring tros leda till kedjereaktioner för resterande parametrar. Mycket tyder på att det kommer krävas möjliggörande tekniker för att se en större förändring i effektprofilen på grund av att människors vilja till att ändra sitt eget beteendemönster är låg. Förändringar av den totala energianvändningen tros inte vara en primär påverkansfaktor, då fokus flyttats från energieffektivisering mot förflyttning av energi i tid. Vidare belyser studien den problematik som uppstått av begränsad informationsdelning, att nätägare inte har tillgång till avgörande information om dess kunder för att kunna nyansera resultatet i denna studie. Detta behöver bli en del av diskussionen då informationsdelning bör ha möjlighet att sänka kostnader, både för kund och nätägare. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9200090
- author
- Bökman, Alfred LU and Niklasson, Lina LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- The Future of Power Profiles: How Single-Family Homes Adapt to a Changing Power System
- course
- FMIM01 20251
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Effektprofil, Småhus, Möjliggörande tekniker, Solproduktion, Elbil, Hemladdning, Konsumtionsdata, Effekttariffer, Energieffektivisering, Elpris, Styrmedel, Optimering, Batterier, Vehicle-to-grid, V2G, Smarta hem, Smart laddning, Omvända flöden.
- publication/series
- IMES
- report number
- ISRN LUTFD2/TFEM—25/5230--SE + (1-79)
- ISSN
- 1102-3651
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9200090
- date added to LUP
- 2025-06-16 13:26:09
- date last changed
- 2025-06-16 13:26:09
@misc{9200090, abstract = {{The objective of this study is to investigate how the power profiles of residential houses in Sweden may look like in the future. Median power profiles for typical summer and winter days were created using real customer data. The customer group analyzed consists of houses in southern Sweden, SE4, equipped with both solar electricity production (PV) and electric vehicles (EVs) with home charging stations. This group was selected to represent a growing segment of residential customers that reflects the characteristics of the houses of tomorrow. Simulations were conducted to assess the potential impact of home batteries, Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, and smart charging on the established median power profiles. These simulations were based on two scenarios: One were the greatest cost savings is achieved by flattening out the power profile, and one were they are achieved by adapting to price variations. A literature review was also carried out in order to find information that were useful for the simulations as well as to examine how energy efficiency improvements, electricity prices, tariff structures, and policy instruments influence power profiles. The report presents examples of how power profiles may appear under different scenarios. By examining the median profiles, some conclusions could be drawn: The customer group studied will probably see an increased self-use of solar power. Furthermore, solar power production during summer is higher than the winter consumption, suggesting that it will become the dimensioning factor in grid planning. Another observations is that feed-in to the grid tend to be higher on weekdays compared to weekends. The study further indicates that enabling technologies such as V2G, home batteries, and smart charging may be essential to see any kind of change in the profiles, as previous research has shown limited behavioral response to price signals alone. V2G have the potential to change the power profiles drastically with high peaks and low valleys when optimized according to electricity prices. In contrast, if the goal is to smoothen the profiles, home batteries appear more effective. Smart charging has the least impact. However, there is much evidence that the chosen methodology has led to an underestimation of the total charging demand of households, which in turn limits the potential. For some scenarios where optimization is based on electricity prices, extreme fluctuations in the profiles can be observed, which sometimes results in reversed grid flows where electricity is being fed into the grid from homes even during periods without solar radiation. Furthermore, while overall energy use may change, these shifts are likely to be less significant than the ability to shift loads in time. Energy efficiency is not expected to be a major driver of change, except in scenarios with sustained high electricity prices. The power profiles can look very different depending on several factors, such as whether tariffs or an increased variation of electricity prices become the dominant optimization parameter, and which technologies are widely adopted by households. However, a consistent pattern across all scenarios is a reduction in grid power consumption during the evening peak, around the time 18–19, with a corresponding increase in consumption during nighttime and/or daytime hours. Beyond insights into the possible shapes of future power profiles, an important conclusion is that accurate forecasting of these profiles remains a major challenge primarily due to a lack of transparency regarding behind-the-meter activities in households. The lack of information regarding heating systems, home batteries and home charging for each metering point further complicate forecacsting. Although the original plan was to also assess the impact of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) on the profiles, this was later reduced to smart charging only due to the unavailability of necessary data. For improved forecasting and analysis, it is crucial that grid operators collect more detailed information about their customers. Motivation for customers to share information could be lower network charges as a consequence of more accurate analyses leading to more efficient network usage.}}, author = {{Bökman, Alfred and Niklasson, Lina}}, issn = {{1102-3651}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, series = {{IMES}}, title = {{Framtidens effektprofiler: Hur småhus möter ett elsystem i förändring}}, year = {{2025}}, }