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Arbetstagare i praktiken? – Bedömningen av om en praktikant är arbetstagare vid tillämpning av kärngruppen av arbetsrättsliga normer

Liljegren, Isabelle LU (2025) JURM02 20251
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The aim of the thesis is to determine when a trainee is to be regarded as a worker for the purposes of collective agreements and Swedish national labour law, and as a worker under EU legislation, as well as to examine how the proposed directives on traineeships, if adopted, could affect the assessment of whether a trainee is an employee. The thesis uses a legal-dogmatic method.

The Swedish Labour Court (Arbetsdomstolen) has on several occasions examined whether a trainee is to be regarded as a worker. Most cases have concerned the application of collective agreements, while some have involved the Employment Protection Act (1982:90). The point of departure is “the civil-law concept of ‘worker’”. The assessment entails an evaluation of... (More)
The aim of the thesis is to determine when a trainee is to be regarded as a worker for the purposes of collective agreements and Swedish national labour law, and as a worker under EU legislation, as well as to examine how the proposed directives on traineeships, if adopted, could affect the assessment of whether a trainee is an employee. The thesis uses a legal-dogmatic method.

The Swedish Labour Court (Arbetsdomstolen) has on several occasions examined whether a trainee is to be regarded as a worker. Most cases have concerned the application of collective agreements, while some have involved the Employment Protection Act (1982:90). The point of departure is “the civil-law concept of ‘worker’”. The assessment entails an evaluation of all relevant circumstances of the individual case. Factors given particular weight when assessing whether a trainee is worker include whether the person performs work essentially in the same way as other employees. Consideration has also been given to whether the trainee occupies a clearly distinct position in relation to other employees, and whether the intern performs tasks that are normally carried out by an employee (thus substituting an employee). However, a conclusion that the trainee qualifies as an employee under the case-law concept may be overridden by law (which, in turn, may be departed from by collective agreement).

EU law contains different definitions of “worker” across different directives. Some instruments lack a definition altogether, others refer to national definitions, and others provide their own definition. As a rule, in directives that lack a definition, an autonomous EU concept of “worker” applies, as the EU legislature intended the term to have a uniform EU meaning. Under this autonomous concept, it is relevant whether the person has performed paid work for and under the direction of another person, and whether that work is genuine and effective. The Court of Justice has repeatedly held that trainees may fall within this notion. In directives that refer to national definitions, the principle of effet utile comes into play, meaning that the Swedish definition applies insofar as the directive’s effectiveness is ensured.

The proposed traineeship directive could, if adopted, affect the Labour Court’s assessment of whether an intern is an employee. This is because the proposal set out certain factors that must or may be taken into account when determining whether a sham traineeship exists. Some of these factors are quite similar to those already considered by the Labour Court, while others are not typically considered by it. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda när en praktikant är att betrakta som arbetstagare vid tillämpning av kollektivavtal, nationell arbetsrättslig lag samt EU-lagstiftning, samt att utreda hur förslagen till praktikantdirektiv vid ett anta-gande skulle kunna inverka på bedömningen av om en praktikant är arbetsta-gare. I uppsatsen har rättsdogmatisk metod använts.

Arbetsdomstolen har vid flera tillfällen prövat frågan om en praktikant är att betrakta som arbetstagare. Målen har i de flesta fall gällt tillämpning av kollektivavtal, men det har också varit fråga om tillämpning av LAS. Det civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet utgör utgångspunkten för bedömningen. Bedömningen innebär att domstolen gör en samlad bedömning av omständigheterna i... (More)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda när en praktikant är att betrakta som arbetstagare vid tillämpning av kollektivavtal, nationell arbetsrättslig lag samt EU-lagstiftning, samt att utreda hur förslagen till praktikantdirektiv vid ett anta-gande skulle kunna inverka på bedömningen av om en praktikant är arbetsta-gare. I uppsatsen har rättsdogmatisk metod använts.

Arbetsdomstolen har vid flera tillfällen prövat frågan om en praktikant är att betrakta som arbetstagare. Målen har i de flesta fall gällt tillämpning av kollektivavtal, men det har också varit fråga om tillämpning av LAS. Det civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet utgör utgångspunkten för bedömningen. Bedömningen innebär att domstolen gör en samlad bedömning av omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet. Omständigheter som beaktats särskilt vid bedömningen av om en praktikant är arbetstagare är relaterat till om denne utför arbete på i huvudsak samma sätt som andra anställda. Hänsyn har tagits till om praktikanten intagit någon tydlig särställning i förhållande till andra anställda och om praktikanten utför arbetsuppgifter som normalt utförs av en anställd (och på så sätt ersätter en anställd). En slutsats om att praktikanten är att betraktas som arbetstagare enligt det civilrättsliga arbetstagarbegreppet kan emellertid åsidosättas av lag (vilket i sin tur kan åsidosättas av kollektivavtal).

I EU-rätten finns olika definitioner av arbetstagare i olika direktiv. Vissa saknar definition eller hänvisning till definition, andra hänvisar till nationell definition och andra till en egen definition. Ett EU-gemensamt arbetstagarbegrepp tillämpas som huvudregel i de direktiv som saknar definition, då EU-lagstiftaren avsett att begreppet ska ha en EU-gemensam innebörd. I detta EU-gemensamma arbetstagarbegrepp är det relevant om personen utfört arbete åt och under ledning av en annan person, samt om arbetet är faktiskt och verkligt. EU-domstolen har flera gånger kommit fram till att praktikanter omfattas av begreppet. I de direktiv som hänvisar till nationell definition får principen om effet utile effekt, vilket innebär att den svenska definitionen tillämpas så länge direktivet får ändamålsenlig verkan.

Praktikantdirektivet som föreslagits skulle vid ett antagande kunna inverka på den bedömning som görs i Arbetsdomstolen av om en praktikant är arbetstagare. Detta eftersom förslaget stadgar vissa omständigheter som ska eller kan beaktas i bedömningen av om en falsk praktik föreligger. Några omständigheter är tämligen lika de som Arbetsdomstolen redan beaktar, medan andra omständigheter inte brukar beaktas av Arbetsdomstolen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Liljegren, Isabelle LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Workers in Traineeships? – Assessing the Status of Trainees as Workers under Core Labour Law Norms
course
JURM02 20251
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9209702
date added to LUP
2025-09-19 11:53:06
date last changed
2025-09-19 11:53:06
@misc{9209702,
  abstract     = {{The aim of the thesis is to determine when a trainee is to be regarded as a worker for the purposes of collective agreements and Swedish national labour law, and as a worker under EU legislation, as well as to examine how the proposed directives on traineeships, if adopted, could affect the assessment of whether a trainee is an employee. The thesis uses a legal-dogmatic method.

The Swedish Labour Court (Arbetsdomstolen) has on several occasions examined whether a trainee is to be regarded as a worker. Most cases have concerned the application of collective agreements, while some have involved the Employment Protection Act (1982:90). The point of departure is “the civil-law concept of ‘worker’”. The assessment entails an evaluation of all relevant circumstances of the individual case. Factors given particular weight when assessing whether a trainee is worker include whether the person performs work essentially in the same way as other employees. Consideration has also been given to whether the trainee occupies a clearly distinct position in relation to other employees, and whether the intern performs tasks that are normally carried out by an employee (thus substituting an employee). However, a conclusion that the trainee qualifies as an employee under the case-law concept may be overridden by law (which, in turn, may be departed from by collective agreement). 

EU law contains different definitions of “worker” across different directives. Some instruments lack a definition altogether, others refer to national definitions, and others provide their own definition. As a rule, in directives that lack a definition, an autonomous EU concept of “worker” applies, as the EU legislature intended the term to have a uniform EU meaning. Under this autonomous concept, it is relevant whether the person has performed paid work for and under the direction of another person, and whether that work is genuine and effective. The Court of Justice has repeatedly held that trainees may fall within this notion. In directives that refer to national definitions, the principle of effet utile comes into play, meaning that the Swedish definition applies insofar as the directive’s effectiveness is ensured. 

The proposed traineeship directive could, if adopted, affect the Labour Court’s assessment of whether an intern is an employee. This is because the proposal set out certain factors that must or may be taken into account when determining whether a sham traineeship exists. Some of these factors are quite similar to those already considered by the Labour Court, while others are not typically considered by it.}},
  author       = {{Liljegren, Isabelle}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Arbetstagare i praktiken? – Bedömningen av om en praktikant är arbetstagare vid tillämpning av kärngruppen av arbetsrättsliga normer}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}