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Militarisering av Åland – möjlighet, eller brott mot internationell rätt?

Taivassalo, Walter Neil Gordon LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Säkerhetsläget i Europa har förändrats drastiskt under de senaste åren, med de två största förändringarna i Rysslands invasion av Ukraina, och NATO:s expandering med Sverige och Finland som nya medlemsstater. Den ökade militariseringen i Europa har också resulterat i att en gammal fråga nu igen dykt upp i den allmänna debatten, nämligen frågan om Åland borde remili-tariseras i syfte att säkra Östersjön militärt. Frågan har diskuterats i media i både Sverige och Finland, och i Finland har frågan också varit en del av den politiska diskussionen kring till exempel det senaste presidentvalet (år 2024).
Åland har varit demilitariserat sedan 1856, men under årens lopp har det gjorts flera undantag och avvikelser från demilitariseringen.... (More)
Säkerhetsläget i Europa har förändrats drastiskt under de senaste åren, med de två största förändringarna i Rysslands invasion av Ukraina, och NATO:s expandering med Sverige och Finland som nya medlemsstater. Den ökade militariseringen i Europa har också resulterat i att en gammal fråga nu igen dykt upp i den allmänna debatten, nämligen frågan om Åland borde remili-tariseras i syfte att säkra Östersjön militärt. Frågan har diskuterats i media i både Sverige och Finland, och i Finland har frågan också varit en del av den politiska diskussionen kring till exempel det senaste presidentvalet (år 2024).
Åland har varit demilitariserat sedan 1856, men under årens lopp har det gjorts flera undantag och avvikelser från demilitariseringen. Förändrande omständigheter och maktskiften i Östersjön har gjort att frågan om demili-tariseringen återkommande dykt upp under årens lopp. Ålands demilitari-sering regleras huvudsakligen av gamla internationella överenskommelser, men också av statspraxis.
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det idag är möjligt för Finland att i enlighet med internationell rätt avvika från demilitariseringen och remilitarisera Åland. Utgångspunkten är att de konventioner som reglerar demilitariseringen är gällande rätt, men uppsatsen kommer att granska i vilken omfattning dessa konventioner helt eller delvis blivit obsoleta, vilka sedvanerättsliga förpliktelser statspraxisen medför, och sist men inte minst vilka möjligheter det finns inom den allmänna traktaträtten att säga upp dessa avtalsförpliktelser.
Uppsatsen visar att konventionerna som reglerar Ålands demilitarisering fortfarande är att anse gällande enligt internationell rätt. Konventionerna är till vissa delar obsoleta, men inte i en sådan omfattningen att det skulle resultera i hela konventionens ogiltighet eftersom dessa delar inte går emot det allmänna syftet om bevaringen av Ålands demilitarisering och neutrali-sering. Detta allmänna syfte har även blivit en del av den regionala sedva-nerätten genom en konsekvent statspraxis i enlighet med konventionernas syfte, och ett upprepande bekräftande av demilitariseringens fortsatta gil-tighet. Sedvanerätten gör också att konventionerna inte helt enkelt kan för-klaras ensidigt ogiltiga av Finland, eftersom de fortfarande skulle vara bundna av sedvanerätten som en tredje stat enligt internationell rätt.
De förändrade omständigheterna är alltså inte tillräckliga för att Ålands rättsliga status enligt internationell rätt skulle gå att förändra, såvida inte något så osannolikt som att samtliga parter till alla konventioner som re-glerar Ålands demilitariserade status skulle ingå en ny konvention för att ersätta de gamla och skapa ny sedvanerätt. Uppsatsen visar dock att det inte är omöjligt att förändrade omständigheter i framtiden kan komma att påverka Ålands rättsliga status. Om sådana omständigheter uppstår blir det framtidens juristers uppgift att åter undersöka denna ständigt återkom-mande fråga och komma fram till en ny, eller samma, slutsats. (Less)
Abstract
The security in Europe has changed dramatically during recent years, with the two most significant changes being Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and NATO:s expansion with Sweden and Finland as new member states. The increasing militarization in Europe has also brought back an old question into the public debate, namely if the Åland islands should be re-militarized with the purpose of securing the Baltic Sea militarily. The question has been discussed in both Swedish and Finnish media, and in Finland it has also been a part of the political discussion, for example in the most recent presidential election (in 2024).
Åland has been demilitarized since the year 1856, but over the years there have been several exceptions from the... (More)
The security in Europe has changed dramatically during recent years, with the two most significant changes being Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and NATO:s expansion with Sweden and Finland as new member states. The increasing militarization in Europe has also brought back an old question into the public debate, namely if the Åland islands should be re-militarized with the purpose of securing the Baltic Sea militarily. The question has been discussed in both Swedish and Finnish media, and in Finland it has also been a part of the political discussion, for example in the most recent presidential election (in 2024).
Åland has been demilitarized since the year 1856, but over the years there have been several exceptions from the demilitarization made. Changing circumstances and shifting power-dynamics in the Baltic Sea region has resulted in the question of demilitarization repeatedly resurfacing over the years. The demilitarization of Åland is primarily regulated by old interna-tional agreements, but also by state practice.
The purpose of this thesis is to research if it is possible for Finland to in accordance with international law withdraw from the demilitarization and remilitarize Åland. The premise is that the treaties that regulate the demili-tarization are the law in force, but the thesis will examine to which degree these treaties in whole or in part have become obsolete, which obligations arise from state practice according to customary law, and lastly, what op-portunities general treaty law provides for terminating these treaty obliga-tions.
The thesis shows that the treaties that regulate Åland’s demilitarization are still to be regarded as valid in accordance with international law. The trea-ties are in certain parts obsolete, but not to such extent that it would result in the termination of the treaties as a whole, since these obsolete parts don’t conflict with the general purpose of preserving the demilitarization and neutralization of Åland. This general purpose has also become a part of the regional customary law through repeated confirmation of the continued validity of the demilitarization. The applicable customary law also means that Finland cannot simply withdraw from the treaties, as they would still be bound to the treaty through international custom according to interna-tional law.
The changed circumstances are thus not significant enough to change the legal status of Åland, unless something as unlikely as if all parties to all treaties regulating Åland’s legal status were to enter a new treaty that ter-minates or replaces the old ones, and thus also creating a new customary law. However, this thesis also shows that it is not impossible that changing circumstances in the future may yet come to affect Åland’s legal status. If such circumstances occur it will be up to the lawyers of the future to once again examine this recurring question and come to a new, or the same, conclusion. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Taivassalo, Walter Neil Gordon LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Militarization of Åland - a possibility, or a violation of international law?
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
folkrätt, Åland
language
Swedish
id
9216761
date added to LUP
2026-01-22 11:52:55
date last changed
2026-01-22 11:52:55
@misc{9216761,
  abstract     = {{The security in Europe has changed dramatically during recent years, with the two most significant changes being Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and NATO:s expansion with Sweden and Finland as new member states. The increasing militarization in Europe has also brought back an old question into the public debate, namely if the Åland islands should be re-militarized with the purpose of securing the Baltic Sea militarily. The question has been discussed in both Swedish and Finnish media, and in Finland it has also been a part of the political discussion, for example in the most recent presidential election (in 2024). 
Åland has been demilitarized since the year 1856, but over the years there have been several exceptions from the demilitarization made. Changing circumstances and shifting power-dynamics in the Baltic Sea region has resulted in the question of demilitarization repeatedly resurfacing over the years. The demilitarization of Åland is primarily regulated by old interna-tional agreements, but also by state practice. 
The purpose of this thesis is to research if it is possible for Finland to in accordance with international law withdraw from the demilitarization and remilitarize Åland. The premise is that the treaties that regulate the demili-tarization are the law in force, but the thesis will examine to which degree these treaties in whole or in part have become obsolete, which obligations arise from state practice according to customary law, and lastly, what op-portunities general treaty law provides for terminating these treaty obliga-tions.
The thesis shows that the treaties that regulate Åland’s demilitarization are still to be regarded as valid in accordance with international law. The trea-ties are in certain parts obsolete, but not to such extent that it would result in the termination of the treaties as a whole, since these obsolete parts don’t conflict with the general purpose of preserving the demilitarization and neutralization of Åland. This general purpose has also become a part of the regional customary law through repeated confirmation of the continued validity of the demilitarization. The applicable customary law also means that Finland cannot simply withdraw from the treaties, as they would still be bound to the treaty through international custom according to interna-tional law.
The changed circumstances are thus not significant enough to change the legal status of Åland, unless something as unlikely as if all parties to all treaties regulating Åland’s legal status were to enter a new treaty that ter-minates or replaces the old ones, and thus also creating a new customary law. However, this thesis also shows that it is not impossible that changing circumstances in the future may yet come to affect Åland’s legal status. If such circumstances occur it will be up to the lawyers of the future to once again examine this recurring question and come to a new, or the same, conclusion.}},
  author       = {{Taivassalo, Walter Neil Gordon}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Militarisering av Åland – möjlighet, eller brott mot internationell rätt?}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}