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Hållbara korrigeringsåtgärder – En undersökning av skälighetsbedömningen och förutsättningarna för att tillämpa alternativa korrigeringsåtgärder i immaterialrättsliga intrångsmål

Danilo, Ida LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
As the climate crisis has intensified, environmental and sustainability concerns have gained traction across several areas of law. Within intellectual property law, however, such considerations have traditionally played a limited role, a circumstance that has increasingly been questioned in light of the substantial volume of infringing goods destroyed as a result of widespread counterfeiting. When a product is found to be infringing, the right holder may, in order to prevent future infringement, request that various measures be imposed in respect of the infringing product, so-called corrective measures. The most commonly applied and traditionally most effective measure for addressing infringement is destruction. At the same time,... (More)
As the climate crisis has intensified, environmental and sustainability concerns have gained traction across several areas of law. Within intellectual property law, however, such considerations have traditionally played a limited role, a circumstance that has increasingly been questioned in light of the substantial volume of infringing goods destroyed as a result of widespread counterfeiting. When a product is found to be infringing, the right holder may, in order to prevent future infringement, request that various measures be imposed in respect of the infringing product, so-called corrective measures. The most commonly applied and traditionally most effective measure for addressing infringement is destruction. At the same time, destruction constitutes the most intrusive measure and risks generating significant waste of fully functional products. Against this background, the question arises as to whether the disposal of infringing goods is compatible with society’s objectives for sustainable development.

Under EU law, corrective measures must be proportionate, and under national law they must be equitable. In the absence of explicit legal support for integrating sustainability considerations into intellectual property law, research has pointed to these assessments as a potential gateway for taking sustainability into account. Such assessments may, in turn, be used to justify alternative measures to destruction, such as donation to charity or the removal of unlawful trademarks. A recurring conclusion in legal scholarship is, however, that the scope for such considerations largely depends on national law and practice. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to clarify the scope for considering sustainability within the framework of the equitable assessment applied to corrective measures, as well as the conditions under which alternative corrective measures may be applied instead of destruction. The study employs a legal dogmatic method and an EU legal method. The material used consists primarily of statutory provisions from national intellectual property legislation, the Enforcement Directive, and the TRIPS Agreement, as well as preparatory works, case law and legal scholarship.

The thesis demonstrates that the scope for taking sustainability into account is limited but not entirely foreclosed. Legal scholarship highlights that the obligation to consider third-party interests may constitute a possible entry point, as well as the fact that, in theory, the assessment does not preclude consideration of public interests. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union shows that a broader balancing of interests does occur. However, such balancing has thus far mainly arisen in relation to fundamental rights. National judicial practice, by contrast, appears more restrictive and largely confined to a balancing of the parties’ respective interests. Although it cannot be ruled out that sustainability may be given some significance, it appears doubtful that it would, at present, be granted a status in the assessment comparable to that which fundamental rights have so far enjoyed.

Regarding alternative corrective measures, it is clear that such measures are, in principle, permissible, but that they give rise to additional risks compared to destruction. This entails that further conditions must be satisfied in order for them to be applied, beyond the requirements that the measures need to be sufficiently clear and precise and not be unnecessarily costly or complicated.

Donation to charity must, under the TRIPS Agreement, be carried out in a manner that avoids harm to the right holder, particularly regarding the risk that the product re-enters the market. This presupposes that the measure is designed to prevent such a risk, a determination that ultimately falls within the competence of the court. The measure further appears to require coordination with a third party, namely the charitable organisation, which in practice imposes high demands on the parties involved.

The removal of a trademark is, under the TRIPS Agreement, permitted only in exceptional cases, since the infringing product often continues to resemble the original in its overall appearance and may therefore easily be re-affixed with an unlawful trademark. To qualify as an exceptional case, the situation must satisfy both a quantitative requirement, that it is unusual, and a qualitative requirement, in that it constitutes a special situation. Removal may also be combined with other measures, in which case the requirement of exceptionality does not apply. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union nevertheless gives rise to legal uncertainty, as the removal of trademarks may under certain circumstances itself constitute an infringement. National case law provides only limited guidance, as decisions rarely contain detailed reasoning.

Finally, national practice shows that even minor modifications to an infringing product may, in certain cases, be sufficient to eliminate an infringement, particularly in cases of copyright infringement. In such situations, it appears necessary that the manner in which the modification is to be carried out is clearly specified and that the product, in its modified form, remains capable of being put to use. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
I takt med klimatkrisens tilltagande har miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor fått allt större utrymme inom flera rättsområden. Inom immaterialrätten har ett sådant utrymme dock varit begränsat, något som kommit att ifrågasättas mot bakgrund av den stora mängden intrångsgörande produkter som förstörs till följd av den utbredda förfalskningsproblematiken. När en produkt fastställs som intrångsgörande kan rättighetshavaren, för att förhindra fortsatt intrång, yrka att olika åtgärder vidtas beträffande den intrångsgörande egendomen, så kallade korrigeringsåtgärder. Den vanligast förekommande och traditionellt mest effektiva åtgärden för att beivra intrång är förstörelse. Samtidigt är detta den mest ingripande åtgärden och riskerar att medföra ett... (More)
I takt med klimatkrisens tilltagande har miljö- och hållbarhetsfrågor fått allt större utrymme inom flera rättsområden. Inom immaterialrätten har ett sådant utrymme dock varit begränsat, något som kommit att ifrågasättas mot bakgrund av den stora mängden intrångsgörande produkter som förstörs till följd av den utbredda förfalskningsproblematiken. När en produkt fastställs som intrångsgörande kan rättighetshavaren, för att förhindra fortsatt intrång, yrka att olika åtgärder vidtas beträffande den intrångsgörande egendomen, så kallade korrigeringsåtgärder. Den vanligast förekommande och traditionellt mest effektiva åtgärden för att beivra intrång är förstörelse. Samtidigt är detta den mest ingripande åtgärden och riskerar att medföra ett betydande resursslöseri av full.

För att korrigeringsåtgärder ska kunna meddelas krävs enligt unionsrätten att de är proportionerliga och enligt nationell rätt att de är skäliga. I brist på uttryckligt rättsligt stöd för att integrera hållbarhet i immaterialrätten har forskning pekat på dessa bedömningar som en möjlig ingång för att beakta hållbarhet. Sådana bedömningar kan i sin tur användas för att motivera alternativa åtgärder till förstörelse, såsom donation till välgörenhet eller avlägsnande av olovliga varumärken. En återkommande slutsats i forskningen är dock att detta handlingsutrymme i stor utsträckning är beroende av nationell rätt och rättstillämpning. Uppsatsens syfte är därmed att klarlägga vilket utrymme som enligt gällande rätt finns att beakta hållbarhet som ett relevant intresse inom ramen för skälighetsbedömningen vid tillämpningen av korrigeringsåtgärder, samt under vilka förutsättningar alternativa korrigeringsåtgärder kan tillämpas i stället för förstörelse. Undersökningen genomförs med hjälp av en rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod. Materialet som används består huvudsakligen av lagtext från den nationella immaterialrättsliga lagstiftningen, det civilrättsliga sanktionsdirektivet och Trips-avtalet, samt av förarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin.

Uppsatsen visar att utrymmet att beakta hållbarhet är begränsat, men inte uteslutet. Forskning lyfter fram att skyldigheten att beakta tredje mans intressen kan utgöra en möjlig ingång, liksom att bedömningen i teorin inte utesluter en beaktning av allmänna intressen. I EU-domstolen förekommer vidare intresseavvägningar men dessa har hittills främst aktualiserats i förhållande till grundläggande rättigheter av hög dignitet. Den nationella rättstillämpningen framstår däremot som mer snäv och i huvudsak koncentrerad till en avvägning mellan parternas intressen. Även om det inte kan uteslutas att hållbarhet kan tillmätas viss betydelse, framstår det i dagsläget som tveksamt att hållbarhet skulle tillerkännas en ställning i bedömningen som kan mäta sig med den som grundläggande rättigheter hittills haft.

Beträffande alternativa korrigeringsåtgärder framgår att sådana i princip är möjliga, men att de aktualiserar ytterligare risker jämfört med förstörelse. Detta medför att fler förutsättningar måste vara uppfyllda för att de ska kunna tillämpas, utöver kraven på att åtgärderna ska kunna utformas med tillräcklig precision samt inte vara onödigt kostsamma eller komplicerade.

Donation till välgörenhet måste enligt Trips-avtalet genomföras på ett sätt som undviker skada för rättighetshavaren, särskilt vad det gäller risken att produkten återinträder på marknaden. Detta förutsätter att åtgärden utformas så att detta förhindras, något som ytterst ankommer på domstolen. Åtgärden tycks dessutom förutsätta samordning med tredje man, välgörenhetsorganisationen, vilket i praktiken ställer höga krav på parterna.

Avlägsnande av varumärke är enligt Trips-avtalet endast tillåtet i undantagsfall, eftersom den intrångsgörande produkten ofta fortsatt efterliknar originalet till helhetsutseendet och därmed lätt kan åter förses med ett olovligt varumärke. För att utgöra ett undantag krävs att situationen uppfyller dels ett kvantitativt test, att den är ovanligt förekommande, dels ett kvalitativt test i form av att den utgör en särskild situation. Avlägsnandet kan även kombineras med andra åtgärder varvid kravet på undantagsfall inte aktualiseras. EU-domstolens praxis medför dock rättslig osäkerhet då avlägsnande av varumärken under vissa omständigheter kan utgöra intrång. Den nationella rättstillämpningen ger endast begränsad vägledning eftersom avgörandena sällan innehåller utförliga motiveringar.

Slutligen visar nationell praxis att även mindre ändringar av den intrångsgörande produkten i vissa fall kan vara tillräckliga för att undanröja ett intrång, särskilt vid upphovsrättsintrång. I sådana situationer tycks det krävas att det klargörs hur ändringen ska genomföras samt att produkten även i sitt ändrade skick kan komma till användning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Danilo, Ida LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Sustainable Corrective Measures – A Study of the Equitable Assessment and the Conditions for Applying Alternative Corrective Measures in Intellectual Property Infringement Cases
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU-rätt, immaterialrätt, hållbarhet, korrigeringsåtgärder, sanktioner, skälighet, proportionalitet, intrång
language
Swedish
id
9216943
date added to LUP
2026-01-21 10:48:56
date last changed
2026-01-21 10:48:56
@misc{9216943,
  abstract     = {{As the climate crisis has intensified, environmental and sustainability concerns have gained traction across several areas of law. Within intellectual property law, however, such considerations have traditionally played a limited role, a circumstance that has increasingly been questioned in light of the substantial volume of infringing goods destroyed as a result of widespread counterfeiting. When a product is found to be infringing, the right holder may, in order to prevent future infringement, request that various measures be imposed in respect of the infringing product, so-called corrective measures. The most commonly applied and traditionally most effective measure for addressing infringement is destruction. At the same time, destruction constitutes the most intrusive measure and risks generating significant waste of fully functional products. Against this background, the question arises as to whether the disposal of infringing goods is compatible with society’s objectives for sustainable development.

Under EU law, corrective measures must be proportionate, and under national law they must be equitable. In the absence of explicit legal support for integrating sustainability considerations into intellectual property law, research has pointed to these assessments as a potential gateway for taking sustainability into account. Such assessments may, in turn, be used to justify alternative measures to destruction, such as donation to charity or the removal of unlawful trademarks. A recurring conclusion in legal scholarship is, however, that the scope for such considerations largely depends on national law and practice. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to clarify the scope for considering sustainability within the framework of the equitable assessment applied to corrective measures, as well as the conditions under which alternative corrective measures may be applied instead of destruction. The study employs a legal dogmatic method and an EU legal method. The material used consists primarily of statutory provisions from national intellectual property legislation, the Enforcement Directive, and the TRIPS Agreement, as well as preparatory works, case law and legal scholarship.

The thesis demonstrates that the scope for taking sustainability into account is limited but not entirely foreclosed. Legal scholarship highlights that the obligation to consider third-party interests may constitute a possible entry point, as well as the fact that, in theory, the assessment does not preclude consideration of public interests. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union shows that a broader balancing of interests does occur. However, such balancing has thus far mainly arisen in relation to fundamental rights. National judicial practice, by contrast, appears more restrictive and largely confined to a balancing of the parties’ respective interests. Although it cannot be ruled out that sustainability may be given some significance, it appears doubtful that it would, at present, be granted a status in the assessment comparable to that which fundamental rights have so far enjoyed.

Regarding alternative corrective measures, it is clear that such measures are, in principle, permissible, but that they give rise to additional risks compared to destruction. This entails that further conditions must be satisfied in order for them to be applied, beyond the requirements that the measures need to be sufficiently clear and precise and not be unnecessarily costly or complicated.

Donation to charity must, under the TRIPS Agreement, be carried out in a manner that avoids harm to the right holder, particularly regarding the risk that the product re-enters the market. This presupposes that the measure is designed to prevent such a risk, a determination that ultimately falls within the competence of the court. The measure further appears to require coordination with a third party, namely the charitable organisation, which in practice imposes high demands on the parties involved.

The removal of a trademark is, under the TRIPS Agreement, permitted only in exceptional cases, since the infringing product often continues to resemble the original in its overall appearance and may therefore easily be re-affixed with an unlawful trademark. To qualify as an exceptional case, the situation must satisfy both a quantitative requirement, that it is unusual, and a qualitative requirement, in that it constitutes a special situation. Removal may also be combined with other measures, in which case the requirement of exceptionality does not apply. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union nevertheless gives rise to legal uncertainty, as the removal of trademarks may under certain circumstances itself constitute an infringement. National case law provides only limited guidance, as decisions rarely contain detailed reasoning.

Finally, national practice shows that even minor modifications to an infringing product may, in certain cases, be sufficient to eliminate an infringement, particularly in cases of copyright infringement. In such situations, it appears necessary that the manner in which the modification is to be carried out is clearly specified and that the product, in its modified form, remains capable of being put to use.}},
  author       = {{Danilo, Ida}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hållbara korrigeringsåtgärder – En undersökning av skälighetsbedömningen och förutsättningarna för att tillämpa alternativa korrigeringsåtgärder i immaterialrättsliga intrångsmål}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}