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Arbetstagare, egenföretagare eller arbetslös? - En analys av arbetstagarbegreppets innebörd och räckvidd inom EU-rätten

Lindqvist, Max LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I denna uppsats undersöks hur EU-arbetsrättens olika arbetstagarbegrepp definieras, vilken räckvidd de har samt hur dessa begrepp kan komma att utvecklas i framtiden. Arbetstagarbegreppen i både primärrätten och sekundärrätten undersöks. Undersökningen genomförs med den rättsdogmatiska metoden och den EU-rättsliga metoden.

Artikel 45 FEUF var den första bestämmelsen med ett arbetstagarbegrepp i EU-rätten. I och med att sociala frågor och arbetslöshetsbekämpning fick ett större fokus inom EU har en hel del arbetsrättsliga rättsakter antagits av EU, som alla innehåller arbetstagarbegrepp.

I primärrätten finns arbetstagarbegreppet i artiklarna 45, 101 och 157 FEUF. Det mest välutvecklade arbetstagarbegreppet finns i artikel 45 FEUF.... (More)
I denna uppsats undersöks hur EU-arbetsrättens olika arbetstagarbegrepp definieras, vilken räckvidd de har samt hur dessa begrepp kan komma att utvecklas i framtiden. Arbetstagarbegreppen i både primärrätten och sekundärrätten undersöks. Undersökningen genomförs med den rättsdogmatiska metoden och den EU-rättsliga metoden.

Artikel 45 FEUF var den första bestämmelsen med ett arbetstagarbegrepp i EU-rätten. I och med att sociala frågor och arbetslöshetsbekämpning fick ett större fokus inom EU har en hel del arbetsrättsliga rättsakter antagits av EU, som alla innehåller arbetstagarbegrepp.

I primärrätten finns arbetstagarbegreppet i artiklarna 45, 101 och 157 FEUF. Det mest välutvecklade arbetstagarbegreppet finns i artikel 45 FEUF. Det arbetstagarbegreppet definieras med de så kallade Lawrie-Blum-kriterierna, vilka slår fast att en person som utföra arbete åt annan och under dennes ledning, i utbyte mot ersättning, är arbetstagare. Till dessa kriterier kommer även att arbetet måste vara faktiskt och verkligt. Även personer som inte uppfyller dessa kriterier, såsom arbetssökande, kan dock också anses vara arbetstagare. I artikel 101 och 157 FEUF finns också arbetstagarbegrepp, som båda definieras med Lawrie-Blum-kriterierna.

I sekundärrättens rättsakter finns tre sätt att definiera arbetstagarbegreppet. Det första sättet är genom att rättsaktens text innehåller en definition av arbetstagarbegreppet. En sådan definition finns dock endast i en rättsakt. Det andra sättet är att rättsakten inte anger hur dess arbetstagarbegrepp ska förstås. Dessa rättsakter delar arbetstagarbegrepp och det definieras med Lawrie-Blum-kriterierna samt kriteriet om faktiskt och verkligt arbete. Det tredje sättet är att rättsakten hänvisar till medlemsstaternas arbetstagarbegrepp. Då överlåts arbetstagarbegreppet främst till medlemsstaterna att definiera, men med en varierande mängd begränsningar. I denna tredje kategori rättsakter finns även rättsakter som hänvisar till medlemsstaternas arbetstagarbegrepp och EU-domstolens praxis om arbetstagarbegreppet.

I den juridiska litteraturen anser flera författare att EU:s arbetstagarbegrepp antingen är enhetligt eller är på väg att bli enhetligt inom EU-rätten, trots att EU-domstolen i rättspraxis sagt att så inte är fallet.

Av undersökningen framgår att arbetstagarbegreppen definieras och bedöms på väldigt likartade sätt inom merparten av EU-arbetsrätten, inklusive i rättsakter som hänvisar till medlemsstaternas arbetstagarbegrepp. Även om mycket tyder på att EU:s arbetstagarbegrepp är helt enhetligt är det inte helt säkert. Säkrare är dock att EU går mot att skapa ett enhetligt arbetstagarbegrepp inom EU-arbetsrätten. (Less)
Abstract
This thesis examines how the various concepts of ‘worker’ in EU labour law are defined, what their scopes are, and how these concepts may change in the future. The concepts of ‘worker’ in both primary and secondary law are examined. The examination is carried out using the legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method.

Article 45 TFEU was the first regulation in the EU to contain a concept of ‘worker’. As social issues and measures against unemployment became a bigger focus within the EU, much labour law legislation has been adopted by the EU, all containing concepts of ‘worker’.

In primary law, the concept of ‘worker’ is found in Articles 45, 101 and 157 TFEU. The most well-developed concept of ‘worker’ is found in Article 45 TFEU.... (More)
This thesis examines how the various concepts of ‘worker’ in EU labour law are defined, what their scopes are, and how these concepts may change in the future. The concepts of ‘worker’ in both primary and secondary law are examined. The examination is carried out using the legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method.

Article 45 TFEU was the first regulation in the EU to contain a concept of ‘worker’. As social issues and measures against unemployment became a bigger focus within the EU, much labour law legislation has been adopted by the EU, all containing concepts of ‘worker’.

In primary law, the concept of ‘worker’ is found in Articles 45, 101 and 157 TFEU. The most well-developed concept of ‘worker’ is found in Article 45 TFEU. The concept of ‘worker’ is defined by the so-called Lawrie-Blum criteria, which states that a person who performs services for another person, under their direction, in exchange for remuneration, is a worker. In addition to these criteria, the work must also be effective and genuine. However, people who do not meet these criteria, such as those seeking employment, may also be considered workers. Articles 101 and 157 TFEU also contain concepts of ‘worker’, both of which are defined using the Lawrie-Blum criteria.

In secondary law, there are three ways of defining the concept of ‘worker’. The first is for the legislation itself to contain a definition of the concept of ‘worker’. However, such a definition is found in only one legislation. The second way is for the legislation not to specify how its concept of ‘worker’ is to be understood. These legislations share the same concept of ‘worker’, which is defined by the Lawrie-Blum criteria and the criteria of effective and genuine activity. The third way is for the legislation to refer to the member states' concept of ‘worker’. Here, the concept of ‘worker’ is mainly left to the member states to define, but with a varying number of restrictions. The third category of legislation also includes legislation that refer to both the Member States' concept of ‘worker’ and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the concept of ‘worker’.

In legal literature, several authors consider the EU concept of ‘worker’ to be either uniform or on its way to become uniform, even though the Court of Justice has stated in case law that this is not the case.

The study shows that the concept of ‘worker’ is defined and interpreted in very similar ways throughout most EU labour law, including legislation that refer to the member states' concept of ‘worker’. Although there are many indications the EU concept of ‘worker’ is completely uniform, this is not entirely certain. However, what is more certain is that the EU moves toward creating a uniform concept of ‘worker’ in EU labour law. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lindqvist, Max LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Employed, self-employed or unemployed? - An analysis of the definition and scope of the concept of 'worker' in EU law
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
arbetsrätt, labour law, EU-rätt, EU law, arbetstagarbegreppet, arbetstagare, worker, the concept of worker
language
Swedish
id
9217177
date added to LUP
2026-01-15 13:13:31
date last changed
2026-01-15 13:13:31
@misc{9217177,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines how the various concepts of ‘worker’ in EU labour law are defined, what their scopes are, and how these concepts may change in the future. The concepts of ‘worker’ in both primary and secondary law are examined. The examination is carried out using the legal dogmatic method and the EU legal method.

Article 45 TFEU was the first regulation in the EU to contain a concept of ‘worker’. As social issues and measures against unemployment became a bigger focus within the EU, much labour law legislation has been adopted by the EU, all containing concepts of ‘worker’.

In primary law, the concept of ‘worker’ is found in Articles 45, 101 and 157 TFEU. The most well-developed concept of ‘worker’ is found in Article 45 TFEU. The concept of ‘worker’ is defined by the so-called Lawrie-Blum criteria, which states that a person who performs services for another person, under their direction, in exchange for remuneration, is a worker. In addition to these criteria, the work must also be effective and genuine. However, people who do not meet these criteria, such as those seeking employment, may also be considered workers. Articles 101 and 157 TFEU also contain concepts of ‘worker’, both of which are defined using the Lawrie-Blum criteria. 

In secondary law, there are three ways of defining the concept of ‘worker’. The first is for the legislation itself to contain a definition of the concept of ‘worker’. However, such a definition is found in only one legislation. The second way is for the legislation not to specify how its concept of ‘worker’ is to be understood. These legislations share the same concept of ‘worker’, which is defined by the Lawrie-Blum criteria and the criteria of effective and genuine activity. The third way is for the legislation to refer to the member states' concept of ‘worker’. Here, the concept of ‘worker’ is mainly left to the member states to define, but with a varying number of restrictions. The third category of legislation also includes legislation that refer to both the Member States' concept of ‘worker’ and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the concept of ‘worker’. 

In legal literature, several authors consider the EU concept of ‘worker’ to be either uniform or on its way to become uniform, even though the Court of Justice has stated in case law that this is not the case. 

The study shows that the concept of ‘worker’ is defined and interpreted in very similar ways throughout most EU labour law, including legislation that refer to the member states' concept of ‘worker’. Although there are many indications the EU concept of ‘worker’ is completely uniform, this is not entirely certain. However, what is more certain is that the EU moves toward creating a uniform concept of ‘worker’ in EU labour law.}},
  author       = {{Lindqvist, Max}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Arbetstagare, egenföretagare eller arbetslös? - En analys av arbetstagarbegreppets innebörd och räckvidd inom EU-rätten}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}