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Civilrättsligt ogiltiga avyttringar som kapitalvinstbeskattas - En rättsvetenskaplig analys av avyttringsbegreppet i 44 kap. 3 § inkomstskattelagen

Hansson, Emilia LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
This thesis examines whether capital gains arising from fraudulent conduct, and thus based on a civil law invalid transfer, can be taxable under the Swedish Income Tax Act. The analysis is prompted by a decision of the Administrative Court in case no. 13373–23, in which the court held that capital gains taxation should apply even though the taxpayer had been deprived of the assets through fraud. The judgment may be perceived as being in tension with principles of civil law invalidity, fundamental principles of tax law, the principle of legality, and the ability-to-pay principle. The purpose of the thesis is to examine which legal-dogmatic arguments, under current Swedish law, may be advanced in support of the view that capital gains... (More)
This thesis examines whether capital gains arising from fraudulent conduct, and thus based on a civil law invalid transfer, can be taxable under the Swedish Income Tax Act. The analysis is prompted by a decision of the Administrative Court in case no. 13373–23, in which the court held that capital gains taxation should apply even though the taxpayer had been deprived of the assets through fraud. The judgment may be perceived as being in tension with principles of civil law invalidity, fundamental principles of tax law, the principle of legality, and the ability-to-pay principle. The purpose of the thesis is to examine which legal-dogmatic arguments, under current Swedish law, may be advanced in support of the view that capital gains resulting from fraudulent transactions that give rise to a civil law invalid transfer should not be subject to taxation. The thesis does not seek to establish a definitive legal position, but rather to explore and assess different interpretative and argumentative approaches within the framework of existing law, based on established legal doctrine.

The study is conducted using the legal-dogmatic method. The analysis is based on the concept of disposal in Chapter 44, Section 3 of the Income Tax Act, the civil law rules on invalidity, and the requirement of statute-based taxation derived from the tax law principle of legality. Emphasis is placed on legal doctrine, primarily the work of Sture Bergström concerning the role of civil law concepts in tax law and the treatment of invalid civil law transactions for tax purposes, as well as Anders Hultqvist’s analysis of system-external legal facts and the function of the legality principle in taxation.

The analysis shows that the concept of disposal in the Income Tax Act, in the absence of an independent tax law definition, in principle requires a transfer that is valid under civil law. Where a transaction has arisen through fraud and the taxpayer has lacked both the intention to transfer the asset and the actual possibility to dispose of the consideration, it appears doubtful whether a disposal in the tax law sense can be said to exist at all. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the principle of legality requires the civil law qualification of a system-external legal fact to precede the tax law assessment, and that taxation cannot be based solely on the absence of an explicit statutory exemption. The thesis also highlights that taxing capital gains in situations where no actual economic gain has accrued may conflict with the ability-to-pay principle.

In conclusion, the thesis shows that, within the framework of current tax law, there are legal-dogmatic arguments against subjecting civil law invalid transfers resulting from fraud to capital gains taxation. Such taxation appears problematic from both a civil law and a tax law perspective and, under prevailing law, would seem to require clearer statutory support. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om kapitalvinster som uppkommit genom ett bedrägligt förfarande och som därmed grundats på en civilrättsligt ogiltig avyttring kan anses skattepliktiga enligt inkomstskattelagen. Bakgrunden är förvaltningsrättens avgörande i mål 13373–23. Domstolen menade på att kapitalvinstbeskattning skulle ske, trots att den skattskyldige blivit frånhänd sina tillgångar genom bedrägeri. Avgörandet kan uppfattas stå i spänning med civilrättsliga ogiltighetsprinciper, skatterättsliga principer, legalitetsprincipen och skatteförmågeprincipen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka rättsdogmatiska argument som enligt gällande rätt kan anföras till stöd för att kapitalvinster som uppkommit till följd av ett bedrägligt... (More)
Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om kapitalvinster som uppkommit genom ett bedrägligt förfarande och som därmed grundats på en civilrättsligt ogiltig avyttring kan anses skattepliktiga enligt inkomstskattelagen. Bakgrunden är förvaltningsrättens avgörande i mål 13373–23. Domstolen menade på att kapitalvinstbeskattning skulle ske, trots att den skattskyldige blivit frånhänd sina tillgångar genom bedrägeri. Avgörandet kan uppfattas stå i spänning med civilrättsliga ogiltighetsprinciper, skatterättsliga principer, legalitetsprincipen och skatteförmågeprincipen. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka rättsdogmatiska argument som enligt gällande rätt kan anföras till stöd för att kapitalvinster som uppkommit till följd av ett bedrägligt förfarande och därigenom gett upphov till en civilrättsligt ogiltig avyttring inte bör vara skattepliktiga. Uppsatsen syftar inte till att fastställa ett entydigt rättsläge, utan till att pröva olika tolknings- och argumentationslinjer inom ramen för gällande rätt med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning.

Undersökningen genomförs med rättsdogmatisk metod. Analysen tar sin utgångspunkt i avyttringsbegreppet i 44 kap. 3 § inkomstskattelagen, civilrättens regler om ogiltighet samt den skatterättsliga legalitetsprincipens krav på föreskriftsbunden beskattning. Vidare läggs särskild vikt vid doktrin, främst Sture Bergströms forskning om civilrättens betydelse för civilrätten och skatterätten, civilrättslig ogiltighet i skatterätten samt Anders Hultqvists analys av system-externa rättsfakta och legalitetsprincipens funktion i inkomstbeskattningen.

Analysen visar att avyttringsbegreppet i inkomstskattelagen, i avsaknad av en självständig skatterättslig definition, i princip förutsätter en civilrättsligt giltig överlåtelse. När en transaktion tillkommit genom bedrägeri och den skattskyldige saknat både vilja och faktisk möjlighet att förfoga över ersättningen framstår det som tveksamt om en avyttring i inkomstskatterättslig mening överhuvudtaget föreligger. Vidare visar uppsatsen att legalitetsprincipen kräver att den civilrättsliga kvalificeringen av ett systemexternt rättsfaktum föregår den skatterättsliga bedömningen, och att beskattning inte kan grundas enbart på frånvaron av uttryckliga undantag i lag. Uppsatsen argumenterar även för att kapitalvinstbeskattning i situationer där någon faktisk ekonomisk vinst inte uppkommit riskerar att stå i strid med skatteförmågeprincipen.

Sammanfattningsvis visar uppsatsen att det inom ramen för gällande rätt finns välgrundade rättsdogmatiska argument mot att kapitalvinstbeskatta civilrättsligt ogiltiga avyttringar som uppkommit genom bedrägeri. En sådan beskattning framstår som problematisk både ur ett civilrättsligt och skatterättsligt perspektiv och synes, enligt gällande rätt, förutsätta ett tydligare lagstöd än vad som i dag föreligger. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Hansson, Emilia LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Civil Law Invalid Disposals Subject to Capital Gains Taxation - A Legal-Dogmatic Analysis of the Concept of Disposal in Chapter 44, Section 3 of the Swedish Income Tax Act
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
kapitalvinstbeskattning, bedrägeri
language
Swedish
id
9217282
date added to LUP
2026-01-26 12:14:27
date last changed
2026-01-26 12:14:27
@misc{9217282,
  abstract     = {{This thesis examines whether capital gains arising from fraudulent conduct, and thus based on a civil law invalid transfer, can be taxable under the Swedish Income Tax Act. The analysis is prompted by a decision of the Administrative Court in case no. 13373–23, in which the court held that capital gains taxation should apply even though the taxpayer had been deprived of the assets through fraud. The judgment may be perceived as being in tension with principles of civil law invalidity, fundamental principles of tax law, the principle of legality, and the ability-to-pay principle. The purpose of the thesis is to examine which legal-dogmatic arguments, under current Swedish law, may be advanced in support of the view that capital gains resulting from fraudulent transactions that give rise to a civil law invalid transfer should not be subject to taxation. The thesis does not seek to establish a definitive legal position, but rather to explore and assess different interpretative and argumentative approaches within the framework of existing law, based on established legal doctrine. 

The study is conducted using the legal-dogmatic method. The analysis is based on the concept of disposal in Chapter 44, Section 3 of the Income Tax Act, the civil law rules on invalidity, and the requirement of statute-based taxation derived from the tax law principle of legality. Emphasis is placed on legal doctrine, primarily the work of Sture Bergström concerning the role of civil law concepts in tax law and the treatment of invalid civil law transactions for tax purposes, as well as Anders Hultqvist’s analysis of system-external legal facts and the function of the legality principle in taxation.

The analysis shows that the concept of disposal in the Income Tax Act, in the absence of an independent tax law definition, in principle requires a transfer that is valid under civil law. Where a transaction has arisen through fraud and the taxpayer has lacked both the intention to transfer the asset and the actual possibility to dispose of the consideration, it appears doubtful whether a disposal in the tax law sense can be said to exist at all. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the principle of legality requires the civil law qualification of a system-external legal fact to precede the tax law assessment, and that taxation cannot be based solely on the absence of an explicit statutory exemption. The thesis also highlights that taxing capital gains in situations where no actual economic gain has accrued may conflict with the ability-to-pay principle.

In conclusion, the thesis shows that, within the framework of current tax law, there are legal-dogmatic arguments against subjecting civil law invalid transfers resulting from fraud to capital gains taxation. Such taxation appears problematic from both a civil law and a tax law perspective and, under prevailing law, would seem to require clearer statutory support.}},
  author       = {{Hansson, Emilia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Civilrättsligt ogiltiga avyttringar som kapitalvinstbeskattas - En rättsvetenskaplig analys av avyttringsbegreppet i 44 kap. 3 § inkomstskattelagen}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}