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Anonyma vittnen - (O)förenlighet med lag och förväntad effekt

Khemir, Mimmi LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Under de senaste åren har gängkriminalitet och dess konsekvenser uppmärksammats i såväl den allmänna debatten som i lagstiftningsarbetet. Lagstift-ningstakten har ökat och flera nya straffrättsliga och processuella regler har införts i syfte att motverka grov och organiserad brottslighet. En av de mest omdiskuterade reformerna är lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål. Lagen, som trädde i kraft den 1 januari 2025, innebär att domstol under vissa förutsättningar kan besluta att ett vittne får höras anonymt under förundersökning samt rättegång i brottmål. Möjligheten att använda anonyma vitt-nesmål har tidigare varit främmande för svensk straffprocessrätt. Under lagstiftningsprocessen har såväl remissinstanser som Lagrådet riktat... (More)
Under de senaste åren har gängkriminalitet och dess konsekvenser uppmärksammats i såväl den allmänna debatten som i lagstiftningsarbetet. Lagstift-ningstakten har ökat och flera nya straffrättsliga och processuella regler har införts i syfte att motverka grov och organiserad brottslighet. En av de mest omdiskuterade reformerna är lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål. Lagen, som trädde i kraft den 1 januari 2025, innebär att domstol under vissa förutsättningar kan besluta att ett vittne får höras anonymt under förundersökning samt rättegång i brottmål. Möjligheten att använda anonyma vitt-nesmål har tidigare varit främmande för svensk straffprocessrätt. Under lagstiftningsprocessen har såväl remissinstanser som Lagrådet riktat omfattande kritik mot införandet av en sådan ordning. Kritiken har bland annat avsett den tilltalades rätt till försvar samt den bevismässiga effekten av anonyma vittnesmål.

Uppsatsen syftar till att redogöra för den nya svenska regleringen om ano-nyma vittnen och sätta den i relation till rätten till en rättvis rättegång enligt regeringsformen och Europakonventionen. Vidare analyseras hur ett anonymt vittnesmål kan förväntas värderas inom ramen för den svenska principen om fri bevisföring. Uppsatsen behandlar även Europadomstolens praxis rörande anonyma och frånvarande vittnen samt centrala remissinstansers synpunkter inför lagens införande. Mot bakgrund av att svensk rättspraxis på området ännu är begränsad kompletteras den rättsdogmatiska framställningen med en enkätundersökning riktad till domare vid svenska tingsrätter.

Den övergripande slutsatsen är att lagen om anonyma vittnen i brottmål innebär ett betydande avsteg från grundläggande principer inom svensk straffprocessrätt. Regleringen, som i viss mån är utformad i enlighet med Europakonventionens krav och Europadomstolens praxis, framhäver krav på både proportionalitet och rättssäkerhet. Samtidigt förutsätter användningen av anonyma vittnesmål stor försiktighet och förväntas tillmätas ett begränsat bevisvärde om de inte stöds av annan bevisning. Resultatet av enkätundersökningen indikerar att bevisvärdet av ett isolerat vittnesmål generellt uppfattas som lågt, samt att det kan finnas mer ändamålsenliga åtgärder enligt domare än anonymitet för att säkerställa bevisning. Sammantaget talar detta för att anonyma vittnen i brottmål kommer få ett restriktivt och återhållsamt genomslag i svensk rätt. (Less)
Abstract
In recent years, gang-related crime and its societal consequences have attracted considerable attention in both public debate and legislative policy in Sweden. The pace of legislative reform has accelerated, and several new substantive and procedural criminal law measures have been introduced with the aim of combating serious and organized crime. One of the most debated reforms is The Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases Act (2024:1180) (sw. lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål). The Act, which entered into force on January 1st 2025, allows courts, under certain conditions, to permit witnesses to give testimony anonymously during the preliminary investigation and at trail in criminal cases. The use of anonymous witness... (More)
In recent years, gang-related crime and its societal consequences have attracted considerable attention in both public debate and legislative policy in Sweden. The pace of legislative reform has accelerated, and several new substantive and procedural criminal law measures have been introduced with the aim of combating serious and organized crime. One of the most debated reforms is The Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases Act (2024:1180) (sw. lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål). The Act, which entered into force on January 1st 2025, allows courts, under certain conditions, to permit witnesses to give testimony anonymously during the preliminary investigation and at trail in criminal cases. The use of anonymous witness testimony has previously been alien to Swedish criminal procedure. During the legislative process, extensive criticism was directed at the reform by consolation bodies as well as by the Council on Legislation. This criticism primarily concerned the accused’s right to defense and the evidentiary effectiveness of anonymous witness testimony.

The purpose of this thesis is to present the new Swedish regulation on anon-ymous witnesses and to place it in relation to the right to a fair trial under the Instrument of Government and the European Convention on Human rights. The thesis further analyses how anonymous witness testimony may be expected to be assessed within the framework of the Swedish principle of free evaluation of evidence. In addition, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning anonymous and absent witnesses, as well as the views expressed by key consultation bodies prior to the enactment of the legislation, are examined. In the light of the limited Swedish case law in this area, the doctrinal analysis is supplemented by a survey conducted among judges in Swedish district courts.

The overall conclusion is that the Act on Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings constitutes a significant departure from the fundamental principles of Swedish criminal procedural law. While the regulation is, to some extent, designed in accordance with tie requirements of the European Conven-tion and the case law of the European court of Human rights, it emphasizes the need for proportionality and legal certainty. At the same time, the use of anonymous witness testimony requires considerable caution and is expected to be accorded limited evidentiary value unless supported by other evidence. The results of the survey indicate that the evidentiary value of an isolated anonymous witness statement is generally perceived as low, and that judges consider alternative measures to be more appropriate than anonymity in ensuring the availability of evidence. Taken together, this suggests that anonymous witnesses in criminal proceedings are likely to have a restrictive and cautions application in Swedish law. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Khemir, Mimmi LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Anonymous Witnesses - (In)compatibility with the Law and Expected Effect
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Vittnen, straffrätt
language
Swedish
id
9217291
date added to LUP
2026-01-18 12:47:45
date last changed
2026-01-18 12:47:45
@misc{9217291,
  abstract     = {{In recent years, gang-related crime and its societal consequences have attracted considerable attention in both public debate and legislative policy in Sweden. The pace of legislative reform has accelerated, and several new substantive and procedural criminal law measures have been introduced with the aim of combating serious and organized crime. One of the most debated reforms is The Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Cases Act (2024:1180) (sw. lagen (2024:1180) om anonyma vittnen i brottmål). The Act, which entered into force on January 1st 2025, allows courts, under certain conditions, to permit witnesses to give testimony anonymously during the preliminary investigation and at trail in criminal cases. The use of anonymous witness testimony has previously been alien to Swedish criminal procedure. During the legislative process, extensive criticism was directed at the reform by consolation bodies as well as by the Council on Legislation. This criticism primarily concerned the accused’s right to defense and the evidentiary effectiveness of anonymous witness testimony. 

The purpose of this thesis is to present the new Swedish regulation on anon-ymous witnesses and to place it in relation to the right to a fair trial under the Instrument of Government and the European Convention on Human rights. The thesis further analyses how anonymous witness testimony may be expected to be assessed within the framework of the Swedish principle of free evaluation of evidence. In addition, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning anonymous and absent witnesses, as well as the views expressed by key consultation bodies prior to the enactment of the legislation, are examined. In the light of the limited Swedish case law in this area, the doctrinal analysis is supplemented by a survey conducted among judges in Swedish district courts.

The overall conclusion is that the Act on Anonymous Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings constitutes a significant departure from the fundamental principles of Swedish criminal procedural law. While the regulation is, to some extent, designed in accordance with tie requirements of the European Conven-tion and the case law of the European court of Human rights, it emphasizes the need for proportionality and legal certainty. At the same time, the use of anonymous witness testimony requires considerable caution and is expected to be accorded limited evidentiary value unless supported by other evidence. The results of the survey indicate that the evidentiary value of an isolated anonymous witness statement is generally perceived as low, and that judges consider alternative measures to be more appropriate than anonymity in ensuring the availability of evidence. Taken together, this suggests that anonymous witnesses in criminal proceedings are likely to have a restrictive and cautions application in Swedish law.}},
  author       = {{Khemir, Mimmi}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Anonyma vittnen - (O)förenlighet med lag och förväntad effekt}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}