Fri tolkning eller otillåten ändring? - Om oklara avtalsvillkor i AB 04 och gränser för otillåtna avtalsändringar enligt LOU
(2025) JURM02 20252Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Standardavtalet AB 04 används i stor utsträckning i offentligt upphand-lande byggentreprenadkontrakt, trots att flera av dess villkor präglas av betydande tolkningssvårigheter. Detta ger upphov till problem när villkor i entreprenadavtal kan förstås på två motstående sätt. Problemet förstärks av att offentligt upphandlade avtal som huvudregel inte får ändras efter att de har ingåtts. Avsteg från denna huvudregel är endast tillåtna i undantagsfall med stöd i 17 kap. 8–14 §§ LOU. Resultatet är en intressekonflikt där behovet av flexibilitet i entreprenadprojekt ställs mot upphandlingsrättens restriktiva regler om avtalsändringar.
Uppsatsen analyserar särskilt de tolkningsutmaningar som förekommer i AB 04, med fokus på oklarheten kring... (More) - Standardavtalet AB 04 används i stor utsträckning i offentligt upphand-lande byggentreprenadkontrakt, trots att flera av dess villkor präglas av betydande tolkningssvårigheter. Detta ger upphov till problem när villkor i entreprenadavtal kan förstås på två motstående sätt. Problemet förstärks av att offentligt upphandlade avtal som huvudregel inte får ändras efter att de har ingåtts. Avsteg från denna huvudregel är endast tillåtna i undantagsfall med stöd i 17 kap. 8–14 §§ LOU. Resultatet är en intressekonflikt där behovet av flexibilitet i entreprenadprojekt ställs mot upphandlingsrättens restriktiva regler om avtalsändringar.
Uppsatsen analyserar särskilt de tolkningsutmaningar som förekommer i AB 04, med fokus på oklarheten kring vilken betydelse olika texter ska tillmätas vid tolkningen av standardavtalet. AB 04 inleds med begreppsbestämningar som anges vara vägledande vid tolkning. Vidare innehåller avtalet kommentarer och anmärkningar till vissa villkor och definitioner. Dessa kommentarer och anmärkningar torde inte utgöra avtalsinnehåll, men deras betydelse vid tolkning är oklar. Därutöver finns motiv till föregångarna till AB 04, vilka i vissa fall tillmätts betydelse vid tolkning av standardavtalet. Även förordet till AB 04 innehåller motsägelser som ger upphov till tolkningsproblem. Slutligen råder osäkerhet kring i vilken utsträckning dispositiv rätt kan beaktas vid tolkning av AB 04.
För att konkretisera dessa problem analyseras villkor från standardavtalets sjätte kapitel. Dessa villkor innehåller vaga och flertydiga uttryck som ger upphov till motstående tolkningsalternativ, vilket tydliggör att AB 04 i flera avseenden präglas av oklarhet.
Dessa tolkningssvårigheter sätts därefter i relation till det upphandlingsrättsliga regelverket. Uppsatsen redogör för de grundläggande principerna om likabehandling och öppenhet, enligt vilka samtliga villkor i upphandlingsdokumenten ska vara klara, precisa och entydiga. Vidare behandlas ett relativt nytt avgörande från EU-domstolen, enligt vilket dispositiv rätt inte får läggas till grund för tolkningen av ett avtalsvillkor om detta inte varit förutsebart för leverantörerna. I den mån en viss tolkning framgår av avtalet är den att betrakta som en tillämpning av avtalet. Vad som faktiskt framgår av avtalet måste dock avgöras genom avtalstolkning i det enskilda fallet. Det framgår därvid att alltför långtgående tolkningar och felaktiga tillämpningar kan innebära otillåtna ändringar.
Vidare konstateras att huvudregeln inom upphandlingsrätten är att offentligt upphandlade avtal inte får ändras. Denna huvudregel har emellertid flera undantag. Av dessa analyseras särskilt 17 kap. 14 § LOU, enligt vil-ken ändringar är tillåtna om de inte är väsentliga. Detta väsentlighetskriterium granskas mot bakgrund av EU-domstolens praxis samt praxis från svenska domstolar.
Slutligen konstateras att bedömningen av vad som utgör en alltför långtgående tolkning och felaktig tillämpning i slutändan måste bedömas från fall till fall. Bedömningen bör ske med utgångspunkt i principen om likabehandling och hur övriga rimligt informerade och normalt omsorgsfulla leverantörer kan antas uppfatta det villkoret. EU-domstolen har betonat vikten av att upphandlande myndigheter inför erforderliga ändringsklausuler när avtal av riskfylld karaktär ingås. I situationer där ett avtalsvillkor ger upphov till två rimliga men motstående tolkningsalternativ och tilllämpningen sker i enlighet med ett av dessa får tillåtligheten bedömas genom en avvägning mellan principen av likabehandling och det praktiska behovet för upphandlande myndigheter att kunna ingå byggentreprenadkontrakt. Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att en tillämpning av AB 04 med dispositiv rätt som utgångspunkt vid tolkningen inte torde vara tillåten inom ramen för offentligt upphandlade avtal. (Less) - Abstract
- The standard contract AB 04 is widely used in publicly procured public works contracts, despite the fact that several of its clauses are characterised by interpretative difficulties. These issues become apparent where the clauses can be understood reasonably in two opposing ways. The problem is amplified by the general rule that publicly procured contracts may not be modified once concluded. Deviations from this rule are only permitted under specific exceptions laid out in Chapter 17 Sections 8–14 of the Swe-dish Public Procurement Act (LOU). The result is a conflict of interest in which the need for flexibility in construction projects is set against a pro-hibition on modifications of contracts within public procurement law.
This thesis... (More) - The standard contract AB 04 is widely used in publicly procured public works contracts, despite the fact that several of its clauses are characterised by interpretative difficulties. These issues become apparent where the clauses can be understood reasonably in two opposing ways. The problem is amplified by the general rule that publicly procured contracts may not be modified once concluded. Deviations from this rule are only permitted under specific exceptions laid out in Chapter 17 Sections 8–14 of the Swe-dish Public Procurement Act (LOU). The result is a conflict of interest in which the need for flexibility in construction projects is set against a pro-hibition on modifications of contracts within public procurement law.
This thesis specifically examines the interpretative difficulties present in AB 04, with particular focus on the uncertainty in relation to the significance of various types of texts used in the interpretation of the standard contract. AB 04 begins with a set of definitions that are used in the standard contract which are stated to be guiding for interpretation. In addition, the contract contains comments and annotations in connection to certain clauses and definitions of the contract. While these are not considered to be part of the contract, the extent to which they should influence interpretation remains uncertain. Furthermore, there are preparatory works relating to earlier versions of AB 04, which in some cases have been attributed rel-evance when interpreting clauses of the standard contract. The preface to AB 04 also contains inconsistencies that give rise to interpretative difficulties. Finally, uncertainty remains as to the extent to which dispositive law may be taken into account when interpreting AB 04.
In order to illustrate these issues, three clauses from Chapter 6 of AB 04 are analysed. These clauses contain vague and ambiguous terms that can give rise to opposing interpretations, thereby illustrating that AB 04 is characterised by uncertainty when interpreting the contract.
These interpretative difficulties are then examined in relation to the legal framework of public procurement. The thesis presents the principles of equal treatment and transparency, according to which all clauses in the procurement documents must be clear, precise and unequivocal. Furthermore, a relatively recent judgment from the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) is examined, according to which dispositive law may not be relied upon when interpreting a contract unless such an interpretation was foreseeable to the providers. To the extent that a particular interpretation is provided for by the contract, it is to be regarded as an application of the contract. What can be considered to be provided for by the contract must, however, be determined by interpretation in each individual case. It is fur-ther shown that far-reaching interpretations and incorrect applications may constitute unlawful modifications of a contract.
It is further established as a general rule in public procurement law that publicly procured contracts may not be modified. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule among which Chapter 17 Section 14 LOU is examined in detail. According to this provision, modifications are prohibited if they are considered to be substantial. The requirement of substantiality is analysed in the light of the case law of the CJEU as well as case law from Swedish courts.
Finally, it is concluded that the assessment of what constitutes a far-reaching interpretation or an incorrect application must ultimately be made on a case-by-case basis. Such an assessment should be carried out in light of the principle of equal treatment and how other reasonably well informed and normally diligent tenderers would be likely to interpret the clause in question. The CJEU has emphasized the importance of contracting authorities including appropriate review clauses where contracts of a risk-prone nature are concluded. In situations where a contractual provision gives rise to two reasonable but opposing interpretations, and the contract is applied in accordance with one of these, the permissibility of such application must be assessed though a balancing of the principle of equal treatment against the practical need for contracting authorities to enter into public works contracts. Finally, it may be stated that an application of AB 04 on the basis of an interpretation based on dispositive law is unlikely to be permissible within the framework of publicly procured contracts. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9217333
- author
- van't Hoff, Ellen LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Free interpretation or prohibited modification? - On ambiguous contractual clauses in AB 04 and the limits of unlawful contract modifications under the Swedish Public Procurement Act (LOU)
- course
- JURM02 20252
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Avtalsrätt, civilrätt, EU-rätt, förmögenhetsrätt, entreprenadrätt, offentlig upphandling
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9217333
- date added to LUP
- 2026-01-21 10:48:31
- date last changed
- 2026-01-21 10:48:31
@misc{9217333,
abstract = {{The standard contract AB 04 is widely used in publicly procured public works contracts, despite the fact that several of its clauses are characterised by interpretative difficulties. These issues become apparent where the clauses can be understood reasonably in two opposing ways. The problem is amplified by the general rule that publicly procured contracts may not be modified once concluded. Deviations from this rule are only permitted under specific exceptions laid out in Chapter 17 Sections 8–14 of the Swe-dish Public Procurement Act (LOU). The result is a conflict of interest in which the need for flexibility in construction projects is set against a pro-hibition on modifications of contracts within public procurement law.
This thesis specifically examines the interpretative difficulties present in AB 04, with particular focus on the uncertainty in relation to the significance of various types of texts used in the interpretation of the standard contract. AB 04 begins with a set of definitions that are used in the standard contract which are stated to be guiding for interpretation. In addition, the contract contains comments and annotations in connection to certain clauses and definitions of the contract. While these are not considered to be part of the contract, the extent to which they should influence interpretation remains uncertain. Furthermore, there are preparatory works relating to earlier versions of AB 04, which in some cases have been attributed rel-evance when interpreting clauses of the standard contract. The preface to AB 04 also contains inconsistencies that give rise to interpretative difficulties. Finally, uncertainty remains as to the extent to which dispositive law may be taken into account when interpreting AB 04.
In order to illustrate these issues, three clauses from Chapter 6 of AB 04 are analysed. These clauses contain vague and ambiguous terms that can give rise to opposing interpretations, thereby illustrating that AB 04 is characterised by uncertainty when interpreting the contract.
These interpretative difficulties are then examined in relation to the legal framework of public procurement. The thesis presents the principles of equal treatment and transparency, according to which all clauses in the procurement documents must be clear, precise and unequivocal. Furthermore, a relatively recent judgment from the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) is examined, according to which dispositive law may not be relied upon when interpreting a contract unless such an interpretation was foreseeable to the providers. To the extent that a particular interpretation is provided for by the contract, it is to be regarded as an application of the contract. What can be considered to be provided for by the contract must, however, be determined by interpretation in each individual case. It is fur-ther shown that far-reaching interpretations and incorrect applications may constitute unlawful modifications of a contract.
It is further established as a general rule in public procurement law that publicly procured contracts may not be modified. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule among which Chapter 17 Section 14 LOU is examined in detail. According to this provision, modifications are prohibited if they are considered to be substantial. The requirement of substantiality is analysed in the light of the case law of the CJEU as well as case law from Swedish courts.
Finally, it is concluded that the assessment of what constitutes a far-reaching interpretation or an incorrect application must ultimately be made on a case-by-case basis. Such an assessment should be carried out in light of the principle of equal treatment and how other reasonably well informed and normally diligent tenderers would be likely to interpret the clause in question. The CJEU has emphasized the importance of contracting authorities including appropriate review clauses where contracts of a risk-prone nature are concluded. In situations where a contractual provision gives rise to two reasonable but opposing interpretations, and the contract is applied in accordance with one of these, the permissibility of such application must be assessed though a balancing of the principle of equal treatment against the practical need for contracting authorities to enter into public works contracts. Finally, it may be stated that an application of AB 04 on the basis of an interpretation based on dispositive law is unlikely to be permissible within the framework of publicly procured contracts.}},
author = {{van't Hoff, Ellen}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Fri tolkning eller otillåten ändring? - Om oklara avtalsvillkor i AB 04 och gränser för otillåtna avtalsändringar enligt LOU}},
year = {{2025}},
}