Emojis möter avtalsrätten – En rättslig analys av emojis betydelse vid avtalsingående
(2025) JURM02 20252Department of Law
Faculty of Law
- Abstract
- Emojis have established themselves as a central part of digital communication and are now used in both private and commercial contexts. In light of this, the present thesis aims to examine the legal significance that emojis may carry in the formation of contracts under Swedish contract law. By applying a doctrinal legal method, complemented by insights from linguistics, the communicative properties of emojis are analysed in relation to established principles of contract law. In doing so, the thesis clarifies whether, and under what conditions, emojis may be attributed legal relevance.
The thesis demonstrates that emojis can influence the meaning of text messages and may therefore constitute relevant interpretative material in the legal... (More) - Emojis have established themselves as a central part of digital communication and are now used in both private and commercial contexts. In light of this, the present thesis aims to examine the legal significance that emojis may carry in the formation of contracts under Swedish contract law. By applying a doctrinal legal method, complemented by insights from linguistics, the communicative properties of emojis are analysed in relation to established principles of contract law. In doing so, the thesis clarifies whether, and under what conditions, emojis may be attributed legal relevance.
The thesis demonstrates that emojis can influence the meaning of text messages and may therefore constitute relevant interpretative material in the legal assessment of whether a contract has been formed. This follows from the fact that emojis function as affective markers that can convey emotional content and frame messages with a particular tone, thereby affecting how recipients understand the message. It is further established that the use of stand-alone emojis could satisfy the requirements for a legally binding offer or acceptance, albeit only in limited circumstances. Compared with textual communication, emojis face distinct challenges when it comes to conveying sufficiently precise content and expressing an objective intention to create legal relations. Therefore, these requirements ought only be met in exceptional circumstances. By contrast, the requirements that a declaration be directed to a specific recipient, be expressed and issued, and reach the recipient have not been found to give rise to any particular difficulties. Finally, it is shown that the use of emojis during negotiations could satisfy the criteria used by the Swedish Supreme Court in NJA 1990 p. 745 to assess whether pre-contractual conduct may give rise to liability in damages under the principle of culpa in contrahendo.
However, the visual nature of emojis and the lack of lexicographic anchoring give rise to significant interpretative difficulties, making it impossible to ascribe any general or objective meaning to them. The legal significance of any given emoji must therefore be determined on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the broader communicative context between the parties.
Overall, the thesis has shown that emojis may be accorded legal significance. However, the interpretative difficulties associated with emojis mean that they do not constitute a reliable tool in contractual contexts. Parties should therefore exercise caution when using emojis in communications that may have contractual consequences. (Less) - Abstract (Swedish)
- Emojis har etablerat sig som en central del av den digitala kommunikationen och används idag i såväl privata som affärsmässiga sammanhang. Med anledning av detta avser uppsatsen undersöka vilken rättslig betydelse emojis kan tillmätas i samband med avtalsingående enligt svensk rätt. Genom att tillämpa en rättsdogmatisk metod kompletterad med språkvetenskapliga inslag, analyseras emojis kommunikativa egenskaper i relation till etablerade avtalsrättsliga principer. Härigenom klarläggs om och under vilka förutsättningar emojis kan tillmätas rättslig relevans.
Uppsatsen visar att emojis kan påverka innebörden av textmeddelanden och därmed utgöra relevanta tolkningsdata vid den rättsliga bedömningen av om ett avtal har ingåtts. Det följer av... (More) - Emojis har etablerat sig som en central del av den digitala kommunikationen och används idag i såväl privata som affärsmässiga sammanhang. Med anledning av detta avser uppsatsen undersöka vilken rättslig betydelse emojis kan tillmätas i samband med avtalsingående enligt svensk rätt. Genom att tillämpa en rättsdogmatisk metod kompletterad med språkvetenskapliga inslag, analyseras emojis kommunikativa egenskaper i relation till etablerade avtalsrättsliga principer. Härigenom klarläggs om och under vilka förutsättningar emojis kan tillmätas rättslig relevans.
Uppsatsen visar att emojis kan påverka innebörden av textmeddelanden och därmed utgöra relevanta tolkningsdata vid den rättsliga bedömningen av om ett avtal har ingåtts. Det följer av att emojis fungerar som affektiva markörer som kan förmedla känslouttryck och rama in meddelanden med en särskild ton, vilket påverkar hur mottagaren uppfattar meddelandet. Vidare konstateras att fristående emojis kan uppfylla kraven för att utgöra en rättsligt bindande viljeförklaring i form av ett anbud eller accept, men endast under begränsade förutsättningar. Jämfört med text ställs emojis inför särskilda utmaningar när det kommer till att kommunicera tillräckligt preciserat innehåll samt ge uttryck för en objektiv rättshandlingsvilja. Dessa krav borde därför endast undantagsvis kunna uppfyllas. Kraven på att rikta sig till en bestämd adressat, komma till uttryck och avges, samt nå fram till mottagaren har däremot inte ansetts ge upphov till problem. Slutligen har det visats att användningen av emojis under förhandlingsstadiet kan uppfylla momenten som Högsta domstolen använder sig av i NJA 1990 s. 745 för att bedöma om ett prekontraktuellt agerande kan utlösa skadeståndsskyldighet enligt principen om culpa in contrahendo.
Emojis visuella karaktär och avsaknaden av lexikografisk förankring ger dock upphov till betydande tolkningsproblem och medför att det inte är möjligt att tillskriva emojis någon generell eller objektiv innebörd. Bedömningen av en emojis rättsliga betydelse måste därför göras från fall till fall med beaktande av den samlade kommunikativa kontexten som föreligger mellan parterna.
Sammantaget har uppsatsen visat att emojis kan tillmätas rättslig betydelse. Den tolkningsproblematik som förknippas med emojis medför dock att de inte kan anses utgöra tillförlitliga verktyg i avtalsrättsliga sammanhang. Parter bör därför iaktta försiktighet vid användning av emojis i kommunikation som kan få avtalsrättsliga konsekvenser. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9217334
- author
- Häger, My LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- Emojis meet contract law – A legal analysis of the significance of emojis in contract law
- course
- JURM02 20252
- year
- 2025
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- Avtalsrätt, Emojis, Avtalsingående, Avtalsslut, Culpa in contrahendo
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 9217334
- date added to LUP
- 2026-01-21 10:46:53
- date last changed
- 2026-01-21 10:46:53
@misc{9217334,
abstract = {{Emojis have established themselves as a central part of digital communication and are now used in both private and commercial contexts. In light of this, the present thesis aims to examine the legal significance that emojis may carry in the formation of contracts under Swedish contract law. By applying a doctrinal legal method, complemented by insights from linguistics, the communicative properties of emojis are analysed in relation to established principles of contract law. In doing so, the thesis clarifies whether, and under what conditions, emojis may be attributed legal relevance.
The thesis demonstrates that emojis can influence the meaning of text messages and may therefore constitute relevant interpretative material in the legal assessment of whether a contract has been formed. This follows from the fact that emojis function as affective markers that can convey emotional content and frame messages with a particular tone, thereby affecting how recipients understand the message. It is further established that the use of stand-alone emojis could satisfy the requirements for a legally binding offer or acceptance, albeit only in limited circumstances. Compared with textual communication, emojis face distinct challenges when it comes to conveying sufficiently precise content and expressing an objective intention to create legal relations. Therefore, these requirements ought only be met in exceptional circumstances. By contrast, the requirements that a declaration be directed to a specific recipient, be expressed and issued, and reach the recipient have not been found to give rise to any particular difficulties. Finally, it is shown that the use of emojis during negotiations could satisfy the criteria used by the Swedish Supreme Court in NJA 1990 p. 745 to assess whether pre-contractual conduct may give rise to liability in damages under the principle of culpa in contrahendo.
However, the visual nature of emojis and the lack of lexicographic anchoring give rise to significant interpretative difficulties, making it impossible to ascribe any general or objective meaning to them. The legal significance of any given emoji must therefore be determined on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the broader communicative context between the parties.
Overall, the thesis has shown that emojis may be accorded legal significance. However, the interpretative difficulties associated with emojis mean that they do not constitute a reliable tool in contractual contexts. Parties should therefore exercise caution when using emojis in communications that may have contractual consequences.}},
author = {{Häger, My}},
language = {{swe}},
note = {{Student Paper}},
title = {{Emojis möter avtalsrätten – En rättslig analys av emojis betydelse vid avtalsingående}},
year = {{2025}},
}