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När tystnad binder - En analys av passivitetsverkningar i svensk avtalsrätt

Mellqvist, Viola LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Utgångspunkten i svensk avtalsrätt är att rättsverkningar förutsätter aktiva handlingar. Avtal anses normalt uppkomma genom ett utbyte av samstämmiga viljeförklaringar i form av anbud och accept. Passivitet, dvs. underlåtenhet att handla, leder som huvudregel inte till avtalsbundenhet. Denna ordning vilar på avtalsfriheten och viljeprincipen, enligt vilken en part endast blir bunden till vad denne haft vilja att binda sig till.

Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda under vilka förutsättningar passivitet, trots huvudregeln, kan tillmätas rättslig betydelse i svensk rätt samt vilka rättsverkningar som kan följa av en parts passivitet. AvtL saknar en generell passivitetsregel men innehåller vissa bestämmelser där underlåtenhet att agera kan... (More)
Utgångspunkten i svensk avtalsrätt är att rättsverkningar förutsätter aktiva handlingar. Avtal anses normalt uppkomma genom ett utbyte av samstämmiga viljeförklaringar i form av anbud och accept. Passivitet, dvs. underlåtenhet att handla, leder som huvudregel inte till avtalsbundenhet. Denna ordning vilar på avtalsfriheten och viljeprincipen, enligt vilken en part endast blir bunden till vad denne haft vilja att binda sig till.

Uppsatsen syftar till att utreda under vilka förutsättningar passivitet, trots huvudregeln, kan tillmätas rättslig betydelse i svensk rätt samt vilka rättsverkningar som kan följa av en parts passivitet. AvtL saknar en generell passivitetsregel men innehåller vissa bestämmelser där underlåtenhet att agera kan leda till avtalsbundenhet. Dessa regler bygger på lojalitetshänsyn och syftar till att motverka att en part utnyttjar motpartens villfarelse eller spekulerar på dennes bekostnad. Passivitet kan i dessa situationer fungera som ett substitut för en viljeförklaring.

Utanför det lagreglerade området har allmänna passivitetsprinciper utvecklats i praxis och doktrin. Passivitet kan tillmätas rättsverkan antingen som en rätts-handling, när den, tillsammans med övriga omständigheter, kan tolkas som en viljeförklaring enligt tillitsprincipen, eller som ett självständigt rättsfaktum, när en rättsnorm knyter särskilda rättsverkningar till underlåtenhet att agera. Vad gäller passivitet som självständigt rättsfaktum finns både skrivna och oskrivna normer. Avgörande är om motparten haft befogad tillit till att den passiva par-ten accepterat ett visst rättsläge, eller om passiviteten framstår som illojal.

De huvudsakliga passivitetsverkningarna inom avtalsrätten är avtalsbundenhet och rättighetsförlust. Avtalsbundenhet genom passivitet uppstår främst med hänsyn till tillitsprincipen, dvs. om motparten, på grund av den handlandes uppträdande, haft skälig anledning att anta att en viss viljeinriktning funnits. Rättighetsförlust kan inträda vid försummad reklamation och preskription, men även enligt oskrivna principer där en part genom passivitet anses ha eftergett sin rätt eller låtit motparten inrätta sig efter ett visst rättsläge.

Praxis visar att lojalitetsprincipen har en central roll vid bedömningen av passivitetens rättsverkningar. Avtalsparter förväntas hålla varandra informerade och klargöra sin uppfattning i olika frågor när tystnad annars riskerar att vilseleda motparten.

Sammanfattningsvis utgör passivitet ett undantag från huvudregeln om avtals-bundenhet genom aktiva viljeförklaringar, men har genom bl.a. rättsprinciper i praxis och doktrin utvecklats till ett betydelsefullt instrument för att upprätthålla lojalitet och effektivitet i avtalsförhållanden. (Less)
Abstract
The starting point in Swedish contract law is that legal effects require active actions. Contracts are normally considered to arise through an exchange of mutual declarations of intent in the form of an offer and acceptance. Passivity, i.e. failure to act, does not, as a general rule, lead to contractual obligations. This arrangement is based on freedom of contract and the principle of intent, according to which a party is only bound by what it has intended to be bound by.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate under what conditions passivity, despite the general rule, can be given legal significance in Swedish law and what legal consequences may follow from a party's passivity. The Contracts Act does not contain a general rule on... (More)
The starting point in Swedish contract law is that legal effects require active actions. Contracts are normally considered to arise through an exchange of mutual declarations of intent in the form of an offer and acceptance. Passivity, i.e. failure to act, does not, as a general rule, lead to contractual obligations. This arrangement is based on freedom of contract and the principle of intent, according to which a party is only bound by what it has intended to be bound by.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate under what conditions passivity, despite the general rule, can be given legal significance in Swedish law and what legal consequences may follow from a party's passivity. The Contracts Act does not contain a general rule on passivity, but it does contain certain provisions where failure to act can lead to contractual obligations. These rules are based on considerations of loyalty and aim to prevent one party from taking advantage of the other party's misconception or speculating at their expense. In these situations, passivity can serve as a substitute for a declaration of intent.

Outside the area regulated by law, general principles of passivity have been developed in practice and doctrine. Passivity can be attributed legal effect either as a legal act, when, together with other circumstances, it can be interpreted as a declaration of intent according to the principle of reliance, or as an independent legal fact, when a legal norm attaches specific legal effects to failure to act. With regard to passivity as an independent legal fact, there are both written and unwritten norms. The decisive factor is whether the other party had justified confidence that the passive party had accepted a certain legal situation, or whether the passivity appears to be disloyal.

The main legal effects of passivity in contract law are contractual binding and loss of rights. Contractual binding through passivity arises primarily with regard to the reliance principle, while loss of rights may occur through failure to give notice, limitation periods, or unwritten principles whereby a party is deemed to have waived its rights or allowed the other party to arrange its affairs on the basis of a certain legal situation.

Case law shows that the principle of loyalty plays a central role in assessing the legal effects of passivity. Contracting parties are expected to keep each other informed and to clarify their positions where silence would otherwise risk misleading the other party.

In summary, passivity constitutes an exception to the main rule of contractual binding through active declarations of intent, but has developed into a significant instrument for maintaining loyalty and efficiency in contractual relationships. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Mellqvist, Viola LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
When silence binds - An analysis of the effects of passivity in Swedish contract law
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, Passivitetsverkan
language
Swedish
id
9217359
date added to LUP
2026-01-23 11:41:25
date last changed
2026-01-23 11:41:25
@misc{9217359,
  abstract     = {{The starting point in Swedish contract law is that legal effects require active actions. Contracts are normally considered to arise through an exchange of mutual declarations of intent in the form of an offer and acceptance. Passivity, i.e. failure to act, does not, as a general rule, lead to contractual obligations. This arrangement is based on freedom of contract and the principle of intent, according to which a party is only bound by what it has intended to be bound by.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate under what conditions passivity, despite the general rule, can be given legal significance in Swedish law and what legal consequences may follow from a party's passivity. The Contracts Act does not contain a general rule on passivity, but it does contain certain provisions where failure to act can lead to contractual obligations. These rules are based on considerations of loyalty and aim to prevent one party from taking advantage of the other party's misconception or speculating at their expense. In these situations, passivity can serve as a substitute for a declaration of intent. 

Outside the area regulated by law, general principles of passivity have been developed in practice and doctrine. Passivity can be attributed legal effect either as a legal act, when, together with other circumstances, it can be interpreted as a declaration of intent according to the principle of reliance, or as an independent legal fact, when a legal norm attaches specific legal effects to failure to act. With regard to passivity as an independent legal fact, there are both written and unwritten norms. The decisive factor is whether the other party had justified confidence that the passive party had accepted a certain legal situation, or whether the passivity appears to be disloyal. 

The main legal effects of passivity in contract law are contractual binding and loss of rights. Contractual binding through passivity arises primarily with regard to the reliance principle, while loss of rights may occur through failure to give notice, limitation periods, or unwritten principles whereby a party is deemed to have waived its rights or allowed the other party to arrange its affairs on the basis of a certain legal situation.

Case law shows that the principle of loyalty plays a central role in assessing the legal effects of passivity. Contracting parties are expected to keep each other informed and to clarify their positions where silence would otherwise risk misleading the other party.

In summary, passivity constitutes an exception to the main rule of contractual binding through active declarations of intent, but has developed into a significant instrument for maintaining loyalty and efficiency in contractual relationships.}},
  author       = {{Mellqvist, Viola}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{När tystnad binder - En analys av passivitetsverkningar i svensk avtalsrätt}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}