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Skandinaviskt mottagande och användande av Montesquieus maktdelningslära - En analys av Montesquieus maktdelningslära och hur den användes i de skandinaviska författningarna introducerade mellan 1809 och 1849

Vlachos, Elias LU (2025) JURM02 20252
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Under 1800-talets första hälft antog samtliga skandinaviska länder nya för-fattningar. Sverige var först med 1809 års regeringsform (RF) och 1810 års riksdagsordning (RO), följt av Norge genom 1814 års grundlag och slutligen Danmark med 1849 års grundlag. Författningarna tillkom under en period präglad av omfattande utveckling inom den statsteoretiska forskningen. En av de filosofer som bidrog till denna utveckling var Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu genom sitt verk Om lagarnas anda från 1748. En central del av verket var maktdelningsläran, vilken kom att få ett betydande inflytande över den konstitutionella rättsutvecklingen. Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera i vil-ken utsträckning de skandinaviska författningarna tolkade och... (More)
Under 1800-talets första hälft antog samtliga skandinaviska länder nya för-fattningar. Sverige var först med 1809 års regeringsform (RF) och 1810 års riksdagsordning (RO), följt av Norge genom 1814 års grundlag och slutligen Danmark med 1849 års grundlag. Författningarna tillkom under en period präglad av omfattande utveckling inom den statsteoretiska forskningen. En av de filosofer som bidrog till denna utveckling var Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu genom sitt verk Om lagarnas anda från 1748. En central del av verket var maktdelningsläran, vilken kom att få ett betydande inflytande över den konstitutionella rättsutvecklingen. Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera i vil-ken utsträckning de skandinaviska författningarna tolkade och implementerade Montesquieus lära samt att identifiera likheter och skillnader mellan dem.
Uppsatsen visar att Montesquieus övergripande målsättning var att utforma en författning som skapade politisk frihet. Detta uppnåddes genom att skapa ba-lans dels mellan den lagstiftande, verkställande och dömande statsmakten, dels mellan olika samhällsgrupper. Montesquieu identifierade tre samhällsgrupper: monarken, adeln och folket, och betonade risken att någon av dem skulle an-vända statsmakterna för att förtrycka de andra. För att motverka denna risk krävdes institutionell maktdelning, där olika institutioner inte utövade flera statsmakter samtidigt. Därutöver krävdes personlig maktdelning, vilket inne-bar att enskilda individer inte skulle inneha ämbeten inom flera statsmakter samtidigt. Slutligen förutsatte systemet att statsmakterna kunde utöva ömsesi-dig kontroll genom att granska och balansera varandra.
Analysen visar att de skandinaviska författningarna i varierande grad tolkade och tillämpade de krav som följer av Montesquieus maktdelningslära. 1814 års grundlag innebar visserligen en formell uppdelning av statsmakterna i linje med maktdelningsläran, men saknade dess övergripande målsättning. Detta gjorde att Stortinget, i sin roll som lagstiftande församling, tilldelades en star-kare ställning än vad Montesquieu såg som eftersträvansvärt.
Till skillnad från 1814 års grundlag delade 1809 års RF maktdelningslärans grundläggande målsättning. Ståndsriksdagen syftade till att representera breda delar av samhället och kompletterades av ett system med välutvecklade kont-rollmekanismer. Ur Montesquieus perspektiv brister dock författningen på grund av den omfattande makten kungen tilldelas. Genom kungens kontroll över två statsmakter, samt hans betydande inflytande över riksdagen, rubba-des de hinder mot personell sammanblandning som maktdelningsläran förut-sätter.
1849 års grundlag framstår som den författning som i störst utsträckning överensstämmer med Montesquieus maktdelningslära. I likhet med 1809 års RF användes en folkrepresentation med en kammare för adeln och en för fol-ket, vilket tydligare återspeglade Montesquieus strävan efter balans mellan sina utpekade samhällsgrupper. Trots den höga graden av överensstämmelse avviker 1849 års grundlag från maktdelningsläran, bland annat genom kung-ens utökade roll i lagstiftningsarbetet.
Slutsatsen uppsatsen når är att ingen av de skandinaviska författningarna fullt ut implementerade Montesquieus modell, men att 1849 års grundlag kom närmast. 1809 års RF avvek främst till följd av den starka kungamakten, me-dan 1814 års grundlag i större utsträckning präglades av en strävan efter folk-suveränitet. (Less)
Abstract
During the first half of the nineteenth century new constitutions were adopted in all Scandinavian countries. Sweden introduced the 1809 Instrument of Government, followed by the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 and the Dan-ish Constitution of 1849. These constitutional reforms took place during a time of significant development in constitutional theory. One of the theorists who contributed to these innovations was Charles Louis de Secondat Mon-tesquieu with his work The Spirit of Laws from 1748. One of Montesquieu’s lasting contributions was the doctrine of the separation of powers, which be-came a central constitutional principle. The aim of this essay is to analyse how, and to what extent, the Scandinavian constitutions interpreted and... (More)
During the first half of the nineteenth century new constitutions were adopted in all Scandinavian countries. Sweden introduced the 1809 Instrument of Government, followed by the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 and the Dan-ish Constitution of 1849. These constitutional reforms took place during a time of significant development in constitutional theory. One of the theorists who contributed to these innovations was Charles Louis de Secondat Mon-tesquieu with his work The Spirit of Laws from 1748. One of Montesquieu’s lasting contributions was the doctrine of the separation of powers, which be-came a central constitutional principle. The aim of this essay is to analyse how, and to what extent, the Scandinavian constitutions interpreted and im-plemented Montesquieu’s theory, as well as to identify similarities and differ-ences in their approaches.
The essay finds that Montesquieu’s overarching objective was the creation of political liberty. This objective was achieved by creating a constitution which balanced not only between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, but also between different social groups. Montesquieu identified three main social groups, the monarch, the nobility and the people, and em-phasised the risk that any one of them could dominate the others through the control of governmental institutions. To mitigate this risk the constitution needed a functional separation of powers, preventing institutions from exer-cising authority across branches. It also required a personal separation, pro-hibiting individuals from simultaneously holding offices in multiple branches. In addition, the branches had to exercise mutual control through a system of checks and balances.
The analysis demonstrates that the Scandinavian constitutions incorporated Montesquieu’s ideas to a varying degree. The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 separated the branches of government in a manner akin to Montes-quieu’s model but did not share his objective of balancing power between social groups. As a result, the Storting was granted a degree of legislative dominance exceeding what Montesquieu considered ideal.
By contrast, the Swedish Instrument of Government of 1809 shared Montes-quieu’s overarching objectives. The estate-based Riksdag, intended to repre-sent different segments of society, together with advanced mechanisms of constitutional control were in line with key elements of Montesquieu’s theory. However, the king was given extensive powers with control over two of the governmental branches and significant influence over the Riksdag. This con-flicted with Montesquieu’s stress on both institutional and personal separation of powers.
The essay concludes that the Danish Constitution of 1849 is the closest equiv-alent to Montesquieu’s doctrine. Like the Swedish constitution it employed a representative assembly but divided into two chambers representing different social classes. Furthermore, it created a system where both the king and the chambers were able to exercise mutual checks and balances. Although the Danish constitution did not fully conform to Montesquieu’s model, for exam-ple through the existence of royal participation in the legislative process, it adhered to his overarching objective and most important principles.
Overall, the essay finds that none of the Scandinavian constitutions fully im-plemented Montesquieu’s model. The Danish constitution of 1849 came the closest, while the Swedish and Norwegian ones diverged for distinct reasons. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Vlachos, Elias LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Scandinavian reception and usage of Montesquieu's separation of powers
course
JURM02 20252
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Rättshistoria, Legal history, Komparativ rätt, Comparative Law, Statsrätt
language
Swedish
id
9218805
date added to LUP
2026-01-26 12:43:07
date last changed
2026-01-26 12:43:07
@misc{9218805,
  abstract     = {{During the first half of the nineteenth century new constitutions were adopted in all Scandinavian countries. Sweden introduced the 1809 Instrument of Government, followed by the Norwegian Constitution of 1814 and the Dan-ish Constitution of 1849. These constitutional reforms took place during a time of significant development in constitutional theory. One of the theorists who contributed to these innovations was Charles Louis de Secondat Mon-tesquieu with his work The Spirit of Laws from 1748. One of Montesquieu’s lasting contributions was the doctrine of the separation of powers, which be-came a central constitutional principle. The aim of this essay is to analyse how, and to what extent, the Scandinavian constitutions interpreted and im-plemented Montesquieu’s theory, as well as to identify similarities and differ-ences in their approaches. 
The essay finds that Montesquieu’s overarching objective was the creation of political liberty. This objective was achieved by creating a constitution which balanced not only between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, but also between different social groups. Montesquieu identified three main social groups, the monarch, the nobility and the people, and em-phasised the risk that any one of them could dominate the others through the control of governmental institutions. To mitigate this risk the constitution needed a functional separation of powers, preventing institutions from exer-cising authority across branches. It also required a personal separation, pro-hibiting individuals from simultaneously holding offices in multiple branches. In addition, the branches had to exercise mutual control through a system of checks and balances. 
The analysis demonstrates that the Scandinavian constitutions incorporated Montesquieu’s ideas to a varying degree. The Norwegian Constitution of 1814 separated the branches of government in a manner akin to Montes-quieu’s model but did not share his objective of balancing power between social groups. As a result, the Storting was granted a degree of legislative dominance exceeding what Montesquieu considered ideal. 
By contrast, the Swedish Instrument of Government of 1809 shared Montes-quieu’s overarching objectives. The estate-based Riksdag, intended to repre-sent different segments of society, together with advanced mechanisms of constitutional control were in line with key elements of Montesquieu’s theory. However, the king was given extensive powers with control over two of the governmental branches and significant influence over the Riksdag. This con-flicted with Montesquieu’s stress on both institutional and personal separation of powers. 
The essay concludes that the Danish Constitution of 1849 is the closest equiv-alent to Montesquieu’s doctrine. Like the Swedish constitution it employed a representative assembly but divided into two chambers representing different social classes. Furthermore, it created a system where both the king and the chambers were able to exercise mutual checks and balances. Although the Danish constitution did not fully conform to Montesquieu’s model, for exam-ple through the existence of royal participation in the legislative process, it adhered to his overarching objective and most important principles. 
Overall, the essay finds that none of the Scandinavian constitutions fully im-plemented Montesquieu’s model. The Danish constitution of 1849 came the closest, while the Swedish and Norwegian ones diverged for distinct reasons.}},
  author       = {{Vlachos, Elias}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skandinaviskt mottagande och användande av Montesquieus maktdelningslära - En analys av Montesquieus maktdelningslära och hur den användes i de skandinaviska författningarna introducerade mellan 1809 och 1849}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}